Respiratory System Flashcards
The left lung has ___ lobes, while the right lung has ___ lobes
2, 3
A membranous cover with 2 layers
pleurae
The pleura that lines the lungs
visceral pleura
the pleura that lines the chest cavity
parietal pleura
The space between the parietal and visceral pleura
interpleural space
flat, dome shaped muscle that is the lower border of the thoracic cavity; separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
diaphragm
the pathway of the human gas exchange is from the ___/_____ to the ___, to the ___, to the ___, to the ____, to the __, and ___
nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Organs of the respiratory tract tend to be lined by a cell called a ___ __. They produce ___, which moistens and protects the airways, and have ___ that sweep away trapped pathogens and particles. These cells are found everywhere in the respiratory tract except for the __ and ____
respiratory epithelium, mucus, cilia, larynx, pharynx
Air passing through the nose/mouth is ___, ___ and warmed. Mucus is secreted by __ ____
filtered, moistened, goblet cells
the pharynx (back of the throat) is a passageway for __ and ___. Cilia here dispose of ___ ___
food, air, unwanted particles
The larynx or the ___, is a ___ ___ that lets air pass from the throat to the trachea. If the trachea is irritated by a ____ substance such as food, the larynx triggers the ___ ___ to clear the airway
voice box, hollow tube, non-gas, cough reflex
The trachea is a tube lined with ___ shaped rings of ____. These rings are covered by __ ___. ___ damages the cilia of the cells that line the trachea. A structure called the _____, opens to let air into the trachea, and closes when swallowing _____ or ___.
c, cartilage, mucus cells, smoking, epiglottis, solids, liquids
The airway branches into the lungs via the ____. The ____ bronchi lead to the left and right lungs. The bronchi further branch into the ___ and ____ bronchi
bronchi, primary, secondary, tertiary
The bronchi taper out into the ____, which are the ___ branching of the respiratory tract. They are ____ and bring air to the ____ at the ends of the bronchioles.
bronchioles, terminal, narrower, alveoli
Alveoli are small ____ clusters, and have a thin layer of cells surrounded by ____. This is the interface between the ___ and ___ system. The oxygen diffuses across the cells of the alveoli into the ___ __ to reoxygenate the blood. __ ___ is able to diffuse out of the capillaries to be ____. Alveoli are covered in ___, which helps to prevent them from ____ and reduces ___ ____
grape-like, capillaries, circulatory, respiratory, capillary vessels, carbon dioxide, exhaled, surfactant, collapsing, surface tension
The main purpose of the respiratory system is to get oxygen from the __ ___ to the __ ____ of the body, to keep them alive and functional
outside environment, individual cells
Entry of air into the lungs, and gas exchange between alveoli and blood
external respiration
Exchange of gas between blood and cells as well as intracellular respiration processes (process by which cells of the body acquire oxygen from the blood and deposit CO2 into the blood to be taken away)
internal respiration
During inhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles ____, and the diaphragm _____, which ___ the volume and ___ the pressure of the lungs, allowing air to rush __
contract, lowers, increases, decreases, in
during exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles ______, and the diaphragm ____, which __ the volume and ___ the pressure of the lungs, and air is pushed ___
relax, pushes up, decreases, increases, out
O2 exchange occurs between the air in the ___ through its ___ _____ and into the ____ that surround them. This is via ___ ___. CO2 diffuses from the ___ to the ____.
alveoli, moist membranes, capillaries, simple diffusion, blood, lungs
CO2 is transported in the blood as _____. Most CO2 in the blood is combined with ____ to form __ ____, which dissociates into ___ and ___ ions. CO2 can also be transported as CO2 dissolved in ___ or bound to ____
bicarbonate, water, carbonic acid, bicarbonate, H+, plasma, hemoglobin
Oxygen is unloaded by ____ molecules and diffuses out of ___ __ __, across the blood capillary walls into ___ ___ and across ___ ___
hemoglobin, red blood cells, interstitial fluids, cell membrane
CO2 built up during ____ processes diffuses across cell membranes, into the ___ ____, and then across __ ___ to be transported by red blood cells in the form of ____.
metabolic process, interstitial fluid, capillary walls, bicarbonate
Respiration is controlled by the _____ ____. It controls the ___ ___, based on the __ __ of body. The medulla contains _____ which are sensitive to ____, which are indicative of ____ levels. When H+ concentrations are high, the medulla stimulates the ___ of the ____, so fresh O2 can be brought into the blood and CO2 can be exhaled
medulla oblongata, respiration rate, oxygen needs, chemoreceptors, [H+], CO2, contraction, diaphragm
Fish have ____ ___, which have a large ___ ___ where gas exchange repeatedly occurs. During _____ ___, the water flows into the fish in the opposite direction that ____ flows, which maximizes the interaction of the _____ blood with the ____ water. Water helps to keep the gills ____, providing the large area for gas exchange. When a fish is removed from water, its gills ____, and it gets insufficient oxygen
feathery gills, surface area, countercurrent exchange, blood, oxygen-depleted, oxygen-rich, separated, collapse
Hemoglobin has ___ _____ ____, each of which contains an ____ atom, which binds to oxygen. Hemoglobin demonstrates ____, meaning when one molecule of O2 binds, it increases the ___ of the next O2 to bind. It also means removing an O2 makes it easier to remove the next oxygen
4 polypeptide subunits, iron, cooperativity, affinity
When hemoglobin arrives at the ____ lungs, it will bind oxygen very effectively due to ____. In the tissues, the hemoglobin easily ____ the oxygen.
oxygen-rich, cooperativity, unload
In the muscles ___ is used to transport oxygen rather than hemoglobin.
myoglobin
The heme group of hemoglobin consists of a ___ atom which can form up to __ bonds, one of which is to oxygen. It is surrounded by a ___ ____, which acts as the heme framework. The heme group is very similar to ____, and both are known as __ ___
iron, 6, porphyrin ring, chlorophyll, prosthetic groups
Non protein compounds attached to a protein that assist in its function
prosthetic groups
The oxygen-hemoglobin association curve represents __ ___ oxygen binds to hemoglobin. The y axis shows the ______ ____ of the hemoglobin molecule. The x-axis shows the ___ ___ of oxygen, or the amount of oxygen that is present.
how much, binding saturation, partial pressure
The binding affinity can be affected by various factors. A ____ shift means the hemoglobin will release oxygen more readily, for example, after a ____, when ___ oxygen is needed. a ___ shift means the hemoglobin will bind to hemoglobin more tightly
right, run, more, left
___, a product of cellular respiration, indicates that the tissues need oxygen, and thus will cause a ___ shift in the graph. CO2 also creates more ___, which changes the ____ of the hemoglobin due to the change in acidity, releasing ____ oxygen
CO2, right, acid, conformation, more
___ is a metabolite that is consumed whenever oxygen is present. It’s ____ ____ signifies the need for oxygen in the tissues and thus will cause a ___ shift
2,3-DPG, build up, right
_____ consumes oxygen and also produces ____. This will cause a ____ shift.
exercise, CO2, right
___ ____ are indicative of a high metabolic rate. This means ___ oxygen is needed and causes a ___ shift
high temperatures, more, shift
