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High School Anatomy > Skeletal > Flashcards

Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage?

A

It’s flexible and stands up to repeated bending

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2
Q

What is the proliferation or formation of blood cells?

A

Hematopoiesis

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3
Q

What are two examples of a short bone?

A

The talus in the foot or the carpal bone

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4
Q

What is the cartilage of the epithelial plate replaced with once growth stops?

A

Bone

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5
Q

When does secondary ossification begin?

A

Around birth

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6
Q

What communicates pathways between osteocytes?

A

The canaliculi

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7
Q

Where does long bone growth occur?

A

Interstitial growth occurs at the epiphyseal plates

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8
Q

What part of the bone is made of thin connective tissues?

A

The endosteum/ what lines the medullary cavity

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9
Q

In what process is hyaline cartilage used most?

A

Endochondral ossification

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10
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A

Support, protection, movement, mineral and growth factor storage, blood cell formation, and triglyceride storage

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11
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the ear and epiglottis?

A

Elastic

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12
Q

What do “nondisplaced” and “displaced” describe in fractures?

A

The position of bone ends

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13
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

In the ear and epiglottis

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14
Q

What covers the epiphyses?

A

The articular cartilage

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15
Q

What type of bone is longer than it is wide?

A

Long bone

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16
Q

Where is red bone marrow found?

A

Spongey bone

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17
Q

What are the descriptors of fractures?

A

Nondisplaced and displaced, complete and incomplete, linear and transverse, and compound and simple

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18
Q

What affects growth?

A

Growth, thyroid, and sex hormones

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19
Q

What occurs at the epiphyseal plates?

A

Long bone growth

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20
Q

Where does hematopoiesis happen?

A

In the red bone marrow, which is found in spongey bone

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21
Q

What is the formation of bone between the layers of a membrane?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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22
Q

What are the 4 types of bone?

A

Long, short, flat, and irregular

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23
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Articular, costal (ribs), and the respiratory and nasal passages

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24
Q

What type of cartilage is flexible and stands up to repeated bending?

A

Elastic

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25
Q

What type of cartilage is flexible but strong, resilient, and is the most abundant?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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26
Q

What are the two parts of the skeleton?

A

The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

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27
Q

What is in the epiphysis of a long bone that’s still growing?

A

The epithelial/ growth plate

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28
Q

What type of bone is about as long as it is wide?

A

Short bone

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29
Q

What is required in order to absorb calcium?

A

Vitamin D

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30
Q

What are 4 types of imbalances in the skeletal system?

A

Osteomalacia, rickets, osteoporosis, and paget’s disease

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31
Q

What’s an example of a flat bone?

A

The sternum

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32
Q

What hormones are involved in hormonal balance?

A

The parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

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33
Q

What is another name for the osteon?

A

The haversian system

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34
Q

What parts of the bone contain osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

A

The periosteum and the endosteum

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35
Q

What type of cartilage does endochondral ossification use most?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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36
Q

What are the two types of cartilage growth?

A

Appositional and interstitial

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37
Q

What part of the bone is made of dense connective tissues?

A

The periosteum/ outer surface

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38
Q

How do bones respond to stress?

A

They thicken at the bend

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39
Q

What do “complete” and “incomplete” describe in fractures?

A

Whether the fracture is all the way through or not

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40
Q

What does the central canal contain?

A

Blood vessels and nerves

41
Q

Which side of the growth plate does bone form in long bone growth?

A

The diaphysis side

42
Q

What is new cartilage on the external face called?

A

Appositional cartilage

43
Q

What is involved in bone resorption?

A

Osteoclasts

44
Q

What is a periosteal bud made of and in what process is it used?

A

A periosteal bud is made of nutrients, nerves, and blood. It’s used during endochondral ossification to invade the center and make spongey bone

45
Q

What part of the bone contains blood vessels and nerves?

A

The central canal

46
Q

What do “linear” and “transverse” describe in fractures?

A

The orientation to the long axis

47
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the vertebral disks and the cartilage pod of the knee/ the meniscus?

A

Fibrocartilage

48
Q

What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?

A

It’s flexible but strong, resilient, and is the most abundant cartilage

49
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

They move along the surface breaking down bone in grooves and help with bone reabsorption

50
Q

What is the haversian canal?

A

The central canal

51
Q

What is one entire set of concentric rings?

A

The osteon

52
Q

What does the outer surface of the bones (periosteum) contain?

A

Blood vessels and nerves

53
Q

How does long bone growth occur?

A

Interstitial growth occurs at the epiphyseal plates. Bone forms on the diaphysis side of the plate

54
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

The proliferation or formation of blood cells

55
Q

What happens in the red bone marrow?

A

Hematopoiesis

56
Q

What’s another name for the central canal?

A

The haversian canal

57
Q

Where does endochondral ossification begin?

A

At the primary ossification center (diaphysis)

58
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

In the vertebral disks and the cartilage pod of the knee/ the meniscus

59
Q

What are the functions of the axial skeleton?

A

Protect, support, or carry other parts

60
Q

What is the lamella?

A

A concentric ring in the osteon

61
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

The formation of bone between the layers of a membrane

62
Q

What type of cartilage is highly compressible and strong?

A

Fibrocartilage

63
Q

What type of cartilage is found in articular, costal (ribs), and the respiratory and nasal passages?

A

Hyaline

64
Q

What type of bone is thin, flat, and curved?

A

Flat bone

65
Q

Where do minerals go during bone reabsorption?

A

They move through the cell to the side of the periosteum

66
Q

What is the periosteum made of?

A

Dense connective tissues

67
Q

What is appositional cartilage?

A

New cartilage on the external face

68
Q

What is new growth from within a bone called?

A

Interstitial growth

69
Q

What are the two ends of the long bone?

A

Epiphysis

70
Q

What is included in the appendicular skeleton?

A

The bones of the upper and lower limbs and girdles

71
Q

What happens during bone reabsorption?

A

Osteoclasts break down bone, membrane on the bone surface folded and sequesters the area of reabsorption. The minerals break down into a solution and move through the cell side to the periosteum

72
Q

What does the canaliculi do?

A

It communicates pathways between osteocytes

73
Q

What is a concentric ring in the osteon?

A

The lamella

74
Q

Where are triglycerides stored?

A

In the yellow bone marrow

75
Q

What is the central shaft of the long bone?

A

The diaphysis

76
Q

What is the outer surface of the bones?

A

The periosteum

77
Q

What do osteoblasts and osteoclasts do?

A

Osteoblasts build and osteoclasts break down

78
Q

What lines the medullary cavity?

A

The endosteum

79
Q

What is the process of a bone widening during long bone growth called?

A

Appositional growth along the periosteum

80
Q

What is the hole for the osteocyte called?

A

The lacuna

81
Q

What’s an example of a long bone?

A

The humorous

82
Q

What is the lacuna?

A

The hole for the osteocyte called

83
Q

Where is intramembranous ossification found?

A

Skull bones and clavicles

84
Q

What is in the diaphysis or the epiphysis and filled with marrow?

A

The medullary cavity

85
Q

What process forms the clavicles and skull bones?

A

Intramembranous ossification

86
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

87
Q

What is the happens during endochondral ossification?

A

A bone collar forms, then a central area of cartilage dies and a cavity forms. Next, a periosteal bud made of nutrients, nerves, and blood invades the center and makes spongy bone. Then spongy bone is broken down as bone is reformed to make the medullary cavity. Finally, secondary ossification takes place around birth

88
Q

What are some characteristics of fibrocartilage?

A

It’s highly compressible and strong

89
Q

What begins at the primary ossification center (diaphysis)?

A

Endochondral ossification

90
Q

What do “compound” and “simple” describe in fractures?

A

Whether it penetrates the skin or not

91
Q

What moves along the surface breaking down bone in grooves and helps with bone reabsorption?

A

Osteoclasts

92
Q

What are the two factors in structural classification?

A

Whether there’s a joint cavity present or not and the type of material binding the bones

93
Q

What type of joint is immovable?

A

Synarthroses

94
Q

What type of joint is slightly movable?

A

Amphiarthroses

95
Q

What type of joint is freely movable?

A

Diarthroses

96
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

97
Q

What is an example of syndesmoses?

A

A bundle of tissue like the tibia and fibula joint

98
Q

What is an example of a gomphoses?

A

A tooth joint

99
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses and symphysis

High School Anatomy (36 decks)

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