Skeletal Flashcards
What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage?
It’s flexible and stands up to repeated bending
What is the proliferation or formation of blood cells?
Hematopoiesis
What are two examples of a short bone?
The talus in the foot or the carpal bone
What is the cartilage of the epithelial plate replaced with once growth stops?
Bone
When does secondary ossification begin?
Around birth
What communicates pathways between osteocytes?
The canaliculi
Where does long bone growth occur?
Interstitial growth occurs at the epiphyseal plates
What part of the bone is made of thin connective tissues?
The endosteum/ what lines the medullary cavity
In what process is hyaline cartilage used most?
Endochondral ossification
What are the functions of bones?
Support, protection, movement, mineral and growth factor storage, blood cell formation, and triglyceride storage
What type of cartilage is found in the ear and epiglottis?
Elastic
What do “nondisplaced” and “displaced” describe in fractures?
The position of bone ends
Where is elastic cartilage found?
In the ear and epiglottis
What covers the epiphyses?
The articular cartilage
What type of bone is longer than it is wide?
Long bone
Where is red bone marrow found?
Spongey bone
What are the descriptors of fractures?
Nondisplaced and displaced, complete and incomplete, linear and transverse, and compound and simple
What affects growth?
Growth, thyroid, and sex hormones
What occurs at the epiphyseal plates?
Long bone growth
Where does hematopoiesis happen?
In the red bone marrow, which is found in spongey bone
What is the formation of bone between the layers of a membrane?
Intramembranous ossification
What are the 4 types of bone?
Long, short, flat, and irregular
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
Articular, costal (ribs), and the respiratory and nasal passages
What type of cartilage is flexible and stands up to repeated bending?
Elastic
What type of cartilage is flexible but strong, resilient, and is the most abundant?
Hyaline cartilage
What are the two parts of the skeleton?
The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
What is in the epiphysis of a long bone that’s still growing?
The epithelial/ growth plate
What type of bone is about as long as it is wide?
Short bone
What is required in order to absorb calcium?
Vitamin D
What are 4 types of imbalances in the skeletal system?
Osteomalacia, rickets, osteoporosis, and paget’s disease
What’s an example of a flat bone?
The sternum
What hormones are involved in hormonal balance?
The parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
What is another name for the osteon?
The haversian system
What parts of the bone contain osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
The periosteum and the endosteum
What type of cartilage does endochondral ossification use most?
Hyaline cartilage
What are the two types of cartilage growth?
Appositional and interstitial
What part of the bone is made of dense connective tissues?
The periosteum/ outer surface
How do bones respond to stress?
They thicken at the bend
What do “complete” and “incomplete” describe in fractures?
Whether the fracture is all the way through or not
What does the central canal contain?
Blood vessels and nerves
Which side of the growth plate does bone form in long bone growth?
The diaphysis side
What is new cartilage on the external face called?
Appositional cartilage
What is involved in bone resorption?
Osteoclasts
What is a periosteal bud made of and in what process is it used?
A periosteal bud is made of nutrients, nerves, and blood. It’s used during endochondral ossification to invade the center and make spongey bone
What part of the bone contains blood vessels and nerves?
The central canal
What do “linear” and “transverse” describe in fractures?
The orientation to the long axis
What type of cartilage is found in the vertebral disks and the cartilage pod of the knee/ the meniscus?
Fibrocartilage
What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?
It’s flexible but strong, resilient, and is the most abundant cartilage
What do osteoclasts do?
They move along the surface breaking down bone in grooves and help with bone reabsorption
What is the haversian canal?
The central canal
What is one entire set of concentric rings?
The osteon
What does the outer surface of the bones (periosteum) contain?
Blood vessels and nerves
How does long bone growth occur?
Interstitial growth occurs at the epiphyseal plates. Bone forms on the diaphysis side of the plate
What is hematopoiesis?
The proliferation or formation of blood cells
What happens in the red bone marrow?
Hematopoiesis
What’s another name for the central canal?
The haversian canal
Where does endochondral ossification begin?
At the primary ossification center (diaphysis)
Where is fibrocartilage found?
In the vertebral disks and the cartilage pod of the knee/ the meniscus
What are the functions of the axial skeleton?
Protect, support, or carry other parts
What is the lamella?
A concentric ring in the osteon
What is intramembranous ossification?
The formation of bone between the layers of a membrane
What type of cartilage is highly compressible and strong?
Fibrocartilage
What type of cartilage is found in articular, costal (ribs), and the respiratory and nasal passages?
Hyaline
What type of bone is thin, flat, and curved?
Flat bone
Where do minerals go during bone reabsorption?
They move through the cell to the side of the periosteum
What is the periosteum made of?
Dense connective tissues
What is appositional cartilage?
New cartilage on the external face
What is new growth from within a bone called?
Interstitial growth
What are the two ends of the long bone?
Epiphysis
What is included in the appendicular skeleton?
The bones of the upper and lower limbs and girdles
What happens during bone reabsorption?
Osteoclasts break down bone, membrane on the bone surface folded and sequesters the area of reabsorption. The minerals break down into a solution and move through the cell side to the periosteum
What does the canaliculi do?
It communicates pathways between osteocytes
What is a concentric ring in the osteon?
The lamella
Where are triglycerides stored?
In the yellow bone marrow
What is the central shaft of the long bone?
The diaphysis
What is the outer surface of the bones?
The periosteum
What do osteoblasts and osteoclasts do?
Osteoblasts build and osteoclasts break down
What lines the medullary cavity?
The endosteum
What is the process of a bone widening during long bone growth called?
Appositional growth along the periosteum
What is the hole for the osteocyte called?
The lacuna
What’s an example of a long bone?
The humorous
What is the lacuna?
The hole for the osteocyte called
Where is intramembranous ossification found?
Skull bones and clavicles
What is in the diaphysis or the epiphysis and filled with marrow?
The medullary cavity
What process forms the clavicles and skull bones?
Intramembranous ossification
What is the axial skeleton?
The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
What is the happens during endochondral ossification?
A bone collar forms, then a central area of cartilage dies and a cavity forms. Next, a periosteal bud made of nutrients, nerves, and blood invades the center and makes spongy bone. Then spongy bone is broken down as bone is reformed to make the medullary cavity. Finally, secondary ossification takes place around birth
What are some characteristics of fibrocartilage?
It’s highly compressible and strong
What begins at the primary ossification center (diaphysis)?
Endochondral ossification
What do “compound” and “simple” describe in fractures?
Whether it penetrates the skin or not
What moves along the surface breaking down bone in grooves and helps with bone reabsorption?
Osteoclasts
What are the two factors in structural classification?
Whether there’s a joint cavity present or not and the type of material binding the bones
What type of joint is immovable?
Synarthroses
What type of joint is slightly movable?
Amphiarthroses
What type of joint is freely movable?
Diarthroses
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
What is an example of syndesmoses?
A bundle of tissue like the tibia and fibula joint
What is an example of a gomphoses?
A tooth joint
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses and symphysis
