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High School Anatomy > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What are the aortic semilunar ventricular valves between?

A

The left ventricle and aorta

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2
Q

What does the pulmonary semilunar ventricular valve separate?

A

The right ventricle and pulmonary arteries

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3
Q

What is the thickest part of the heart?

A

The left ventricle

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4
Q

What happens when the bicuspid ventricle is open?

A

The aortic semilunar ventricle is closed, tension on the chordae of low, and blood flows from the LA to the LV

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5
Q

What’s the order in which blood flows?

A

Right a, tricuspid, right ventricle, pulmonary semi, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary vein, left a, bicuspid, left v, aortic semi, aorta

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6
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the heart?

A

Route blood, generate blood pressure, ensure one-way blood flow, and regulate blood supply

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7
Q

How big is the heart?

A

Slightly larger than a closed fist and less than 1 pound

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8
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the thoracic cavity (mediastinum)

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9
Q

What is the heart between?

A

The 2nd and 5th intercostal spaces

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10
Q

What is the orientation of the heart?

A

The apex is inferior and it’s overall left and anterior

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11
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A double-layered closed sac surrounding the heart

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12
Q

What is the double-layered closed sac surrounding the heart?

A

The pericardium

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13
Q

What is the parietal pericardium?

A

The outside layer

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14
Q

What’s the outside layer of the heart?

A

The parietal pericardium

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15
Q

What’s the visceral pericardium?

A

It covers the hearts surface

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16
Q

What covers the heart’s surface?

A

The visceral pericardium

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17
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

The space surrounding the heart

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18
Q

What forms the pericardial cavity?

A

The visceral and parietal pericardium

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19
Q

What do the visceral and parietal pericardium form?

A

The pericardial cavity

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20
Q

What are the 4 coverings of the heart?

A

The pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium, and the pericardial cavity

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21
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart? (Superficial to deep)

A

Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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22
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

The membrane forming the smooth outer surface

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23
Q

What type of cells is the epicardium?

A

Simple squamous tissue over fat/connective tissues

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24
Q

What is the outer layer of the heart called?

A

Visceral serous

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25
Q

What layer forms the smooth outer surface of the heart?

A

The epicardium

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26
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

The thick middle layer of the heart

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27
Q

What does the myocardium do?

A

It makes the heart able to contract via cardiac muscle

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28
Q

What layer allows the heart to contract?

A

The myocardium

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29
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

The inner surface of the heart chambers

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30
Q

What layer forms the thick middle layer of the heart?

A

Myocardium

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31
Q

What is the inner surface of the hearts chambers called?

A

The endocardium

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32
Q

What allows blood to flow easily through the heart?

A

The endocardium

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33
Q

What does the endocardium do?

A

It allows blood to flow easily through the heart

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34
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

It has 1 nucleus, its striated, and has lots of mitochondria

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35
Q

What type of disks does cardiac muscle have?

A

It has intercalated disks

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36
Q

What are intercalated disks?

A

Cell-to-cell contacts binding cells, and it’s folded to increase surface area

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37
Q

What does cardiac muscle contain?

A

It contains gap junctions

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38
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A

It reduces electrical resistance between cells, allowing both action potentials to pass easily and cells to contract in unison

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39
Q

What allows cells to contract in unison?

A

Gap junctions

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40
Q

What are the 3 phases of action potentials?

A

Depolarization, plateau, and repolarization

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41
Q

What causes action potentials?

A

Changes in membrane channel permeability

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42
Q

What do changes in membrane permeability cause?

A

Action potentials

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43
Q

What are changes in membrane channel permeability called?

A

Pacemaker potential

44
Q

What is pacemaker potential?

A

Changes in membrane channel permeability

45
Q

What happens during depolarization?

A

Na+ channels open briefly, then rapidly. K+ channels are closed and Ca+2 channels begin to open.

46
Q

What happens during the plateau phase?

A

Na+ channels are closed, few K+ channels are open, slow Ca+2 channels remain open

47
Q

What happens during the repolarization phase?

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels remain closed, K+ channels are open, Ca+2 channels are closed.

48
Q

When are Na+ channels open?

A

During depolarization

49
Q

When are K+ channels partially or totally open?

A

K+ is partially open during plateau and fully open during repolarization

50
Q

When are Ca+ channels open?

A

They open during depolarization and remain open during plateau

51
Q

How long do cardiac action potentials take?

A

200 milliseconds

52
Q

What prolongs cardiac action potentials?

A

The plateau phase prolongs it by keeping Ca+2 channels open

53
Q

What do cardiac muscle cells coordinate?

A

The contraction of atria and ventricles

54
Q

What causes the contraction of atria and ventricles?

A

The coordination of cardiac muscle cells in the wall of the heart

55
Q

Where are cells that coordinate contraction located?

A

In the wall of the heart

56
Q

What is the SA node?

A

The pacemaker of the heart

57
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

The SA node

58
Q

What does the SA node do?

A

It initiates action potentials

59
Q

What do action potentials caused by the SA node do?

A

They cause the contraction of atria

60
Q

What causes the contraction of atria?

A

The action potentials caused by the SA node

61
Q

What is the party of action potentials through the heart?

A

SA node, to AV node, to AV bundles, to left and right bundle branches, to purkinji fibers

62
Q

Where are purkinji fibers located?

A

In the ventricles

63
Q

What’s in the ventricles?

A

Purkinji fibers

64
Q

Where does the action potential go from the SA node?

A

The AV node

65
Q

Where does the action potential go from the AV node?

A

AV bundles

66
Q

What are the two main parts of the cardiac cycle?

A

The atria and ventricles

67
Q

Where is the atria?

A

On the top

68
Q

Where are the ventricles?

A

On the bottom

69
Q

What do cardiac muscle contractions do?

A

They produce pressure changes in the heart chambers, moving the blood

70
Q

What does atrial systole do?

A

It contracts the atria and forces blood into the ventricles

71
Q

What does systole mean?

A

Contraction

72
Q

What does diastole mean?

A

Relaxation

73
Q

What forces blood into the ventricles?

A

Atrial systole

74
Q

What does ventricular systole do?

A

It forces blood out of the heart

75
Q

What forces blood out of the heart?

A

Ventricular systole

76
Q

What does atrial diastole do?

A

It fills with blood from the vena cava

77
Q

What causes the atria to be filled wth blood from the vena cava?

A

Atrial diastole

78
Q

What does ventricular diastole do?

A

It causes the ventricles to fill with blood from the atria

79
Q

What causes the ventricles to fill with blood from the atria?

A

Ventricular diastole

80
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of the blood pumped per ventricle with each heart contraction

81
Q

What is the name for the volume of blood pumped with each heart contraction?

A

Stroke volume

82
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped by either ventricular each minute

83
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

CO = SV x HR

84
Q

What is the volume pumped by either ventricle each minute called?

A

Cardiac output

85
Q

What regulates heart rate?

A

The automatic nervous system and chemical regulation

86
Q

What does chemical regulation do?

A

It regulates hormones and ions to keep your heart rate normal

87
Q

What does the automatic nervous system do for the heart?

A

It responds to emotional and physical stressors

88
Q

What are the symptoms of a CO imbalance?

A

Coronary artherosclerosis, persistent high blood pressure, multiple MI, and dismayed cardiomyopathy

89
Q

What is persistent high BP a symptom of?

A

A CO imbalance

90
Q

What are the three tunics of the lumen called?

A

Tunica intima, media, and externa

91
Q

What makes up the tunica intima?

A

Squamous tissue

92
Q

What makes up the tunica media?

A

Mostly smooth muscle

93
Q

What makes up the tunica externa?

A

Colleges fibers

94
Q

What is made up of squamous tissue?

A

Tunica intima

95
Q

What is made up of mostly smooth muscle?

A

Tunica media

96
Q

What is made up of collagen fibers?

A

Tunica externa

97
Q

What are the two types of arteries?

A

Elastic and muscular

98
Q

What do elastic arteries do?

A

They absorb some of the pressure from the heart

99
Q

Where are elastic arteries located?

A

Near the heart

100
Q

What is a characteristic of elastic arteries?

A

They have no significant amount of dilation or construction

101
Q

What has no significant amount of dilation and constriction?

A

Elastic arteries

102
Q

What do muscular arteries do?

A

They deliver blood to specific organs

103
Q

What delivers blood to specific organs?

A

Muscular arteries

104
Q

What has a thick tunica media?

A

Muscular arteries

105
Q

What do muscular arteries have?

A

A thick tunica media

106
Q

What affects the arterioles flow?

A

Vaso events

High School Anatomy (36 decks)

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