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High School Anatomy > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

How big is the integumentary organ system?

A

1.2-2.2 meters squared in area

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2
Q

What is the largest organ system?

A

The integumentary system

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3
Q

What percent of body weight is made up by the integumentary system?

A

7%

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4
Q

What are the two parts of the integument?

A

The cutaneous membrane (skin) and accessory structures (hair, nails, etc)

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5
Q

What are the parts of the cutaneous membrane?

A

The outer membrane (superficial epithelium) and the inner dermis

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6
Q

What is the outer membrane?

A

The superficial epithelium/ epithelial tissues of the cutaneous membrane

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7
Q

What is the inner dermis?

A

The connective tissues of the cutaneous membrane

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8
Q

Where do accessory structures originate?

A

They originate in the dermis

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9
Q

What are accessory structures?

A

A part of the integument that originates in the dermis and extends through the epidermis to the skin surface

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10
Q

What are some examples of accessory structures?

A

Hair, skin, nails, and multicellular exocrine glands

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11
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protect, excrete, maintain temperature, synthesize, store, adn detect

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12
Q

What does the skin protect?

A

The underlying tissues and organs

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13
Q

What does the skin excrete?

A

The skin excretes salt, water, and organic wastes (through glands)

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14
Q

How does the skin maintain body temperature?

A

Through insulation and evaporation

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15
Q

What does the skin synthesize?

A

Vitamin D3

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16
Q

What does the skin store?

A

Lipids

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17
Q

What does the skin detect?

A

Touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

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18
Q

What types of cells make up the epidermis?

A

Avascular stratified squamous epithelial cells

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19
Q

How do cells in the epidermis get nutrients and oxygen?

A

Nutrients and oxygen diffuse form the capillaries in the dermis

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20
Q

What types of cells make up the epidermis?

A

Avascular stratified squamous epithelial cells

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21
Q

How do cells in the epidermis get nutrients and oxygen?

A

Nutrients and oxygen diffuse form the capillaries in the dermis

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22
Q

What are the types of cells in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, and corneocytes

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23
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A

Found in the epidermis, keratinocytes contain large amounts of keratin, and they’re the most abundant cells in the epidermis

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24
Q

What are the most abundant cells in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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25
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Found in the epidermis, melanocytes produce a yellow-brown or black pigment

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26
Q

What are langerhans cells?

A

Found in the epidermis, langerhans cells support the immune system

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27
Q

What are corneocytes?

A

Found in the epidermis, corneocytes are non-living keratinized cells, and comprise the top layer of the epidermis.

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28
Q

What makes up the top layer of the epidermis?

A

Corneocytes

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29
Q

What is the mnemonic for the layers of the epidermis?

A

Come, Let’s Get SunBurnt

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30
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A

[Stratum] Corneum, lucidum granulosum, spinosum, basale

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31
Q

What is the stratum basale?

A

The germative layer of the epidermis

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32
Q

What is unique about the stratum basale in the epidermis?

A

It has many stem cells and is the only layer to have mitosis

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33
Q

How is the stratum basale attached, and to what?

A

The stratum basale is attached to basal lamina by hemidesmosomes

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34
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

The anchors that keep the stratum basale attached to the basal lamina; keeps the stratum basale from falling off. Creates a strong bond between the epidermis and dermis

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35
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

In the stratum basale

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36
Q

What percent of the stratum basale layer is made up by melanocytes?

A

10-25% of the cells in the stratum basale layer are melanocytes

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37
Q

What layer are epidermal ridges found in?

A

The stratum basale

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38
Q

What are epidermal ridges?

A

Like fingerprints

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39
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A

Tiny mounds found in the stratum basale layer of the epidermis

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40
Q

What do dermal papillae do?

A

They increase the surface area of the basal lamina, and strengthen the attachment between the epidermis and dermis.

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41
Q

How is the stratum spinosum produced?

A

It’s produced by the division of the stratum basale

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42
Q

What makes up the stratum spinosum?

A

8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound to each other by desmosomes

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43
Q

What is unique about the stratum spinosum?

A

It has langerhans cells

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44
Q

What are langerhans cells?

A

Cells that defend against pathogens as an immune response

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45
Q

What is a possible use for langerhans cells?

A

Attacking skin cancers

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46
Q

Where are langerhans cells made?

A

They’re made in the bone marrow/ spongy bone

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47
Q

What makes up the stratum granulosum?

A

3-5 layers of keratinocytes

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48
Q

Does the stratum spinosum produce keratin?

A

The spinosum layer has keratinocytes but doesn’t produce a lot of keratin

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49
Q

What layer starts producing a significant amount of keratin?

A

The stratum granulosum starts producing keratin

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50
Q

What is keratin?

A

It’s a tough, fibrous protein that makes up the hair and nails

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51
Q

What layer is the clear layer?

A

The stratum lucidum

52
Q

Where is the stratum lucidum found?

A

In thick skin

53
Q

What is the stratum lucidum?

A

A clear layer found only in thick skin that has cells filled with keratin

54
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

It’s the exposed surface of the skin that’s water resistant and is shed and replaced every 2 weeks

55
Q

What makes up the stratum corneum?

A

15-30 layers of keratinized cells (corneocytes)

56
Q

What are corneocytes?

A

Kaeratinized cells, often found in the stratum corneum

57
Q

What is keratinization?

A

The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin

58
Q

What layer is the exposed surface of the skin?

A

The stratum corneum

59
Q

What layer does keratinization take place in?

A

The stratum corneum

60
Q

Where does keratinization occur?

A

On all exposed skin surfaces except eyes

61
Q

What is insensible perspiration?

A

It’s the loss of interstitial fluid via evaporation

62
Q

What are the two types of perspiration?

A

Insensible and sensible perspiration

63
Q

How much water is lost through insensible perspiration every day?

A

About 1 pint, or 500 mL

64
Q

What is sensible perspiration?

A

Water excreted by sweat glands

65
Q

What is dehydration caused by?

A

Damage to the stratum corneum, insensible perspiration, or immersion in a hypertonic solution

66
Q

**What causes hydration?

A

Immersion in a hypotonic solution, which then causes the stretching and wrinkling of skin

67
Q

What is carotene?

A

A orange-yellow pigment in the epidermis

68
Q

What causes red skin?

A

Blood vessels dialate from heat, and skin reddens

69
Q

What causes pale skin?

A

Blood vessels constrict blood flow, so the skin pales

70
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

A blue skin tint, which is sometimes caused by a lack of oxygen

71
Q

Where is the dermis located?

A

Between the epidermis and the subcutaneous layer

72
Q

What does the dermis do?

A

It anchors the epidermal accessory structures?

73
Q

What are the two components of the dermis?

A

The outer papillary layer and the inner reticular layer

74
Q

What does the papillary layer consist of?

A

Areolar tissue

75
Q

What does the papillary layer contain?

A

It contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons

76
Q

How are fingerprints created?

A

In the papillary layer of the dermis, dermal papillae project between the epidermal ridges, creating fingerprints

77
Q

In what layer do the fingerprints originate?

A

In the papillary layer of the dermis

78
Q

What makes up the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

79
Q

What does the reticular layer contain?

A

Larger blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerve fibers, collagen, and elastic fibers.

80
Q

What is dermatitis?

A

An inflammation of the papillary layer

81
Q

How is inflammation created?

A

There’s an increased blood flow to the area to bring white blood cells

82
Q

What causes dermatitis?

A

Infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals (like poison ivy)

83
Q

What characterizes dermatitis?

A

Itching or pain

84
Q

What are the characteristics of the dermis?

A

It’s strong, elastic, flexible, and over time can get saggy and wrinkled and get stretch marks

85
Q

Why is the dermis strong, elastic, and flexible?

A

It has collagen fibers to make it strong, elastic fibers to make it elastic, and has skin turgor to make it flexible

86
Q

What can cause sagging and wrinkles in the dermis?

A

Dehydration, age, hormonal changes, and UV

87
Q

What causes stretch marks in the dermis?

A

Excessive stretching of the skin

88
Q

What are the lines of cleavage made of?

A

Collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis

89
Q

How are the collagen and elastic fibers that make up the lines of cleavage arranged?

A

They’re arranged in parallel bundles

90
Q

How do cuts heal according to the lines of cleavage?

A

Parallel cuts remain shut and heal well, perpendicular cuts/ cuts across/ right angle cuts pull open and scar

91
Q

What do nerve fibers under the skin control?

A

Blood flow, gland secretions, and sensory receptors

92
Q

What does the subcutaneous layer of the hypodermis do?

A

It stabilizes the skin, allows separate movement, and is the site of subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needles.

93
Q

What does hair do?

A

It protects by gathering dust, insulates, guards openings against particles and insects, and is sensitive to very light touch

94
Q

Where is the hair follicle located?

A

Deep in the dermis

95
Q

What is the hair follicle wrapped in?

A

A dense connective tissue sheath

96
Q

What is the base of the hair follicle surrounded by?

A

Sensory nerves called the root hair plexus

97
Q

What is the root hair plexus?

A

The sensory nerves that surround the hair follicle deep in the dermis

98
Q

What are the two parts of hair?

A

The root (below skin) and the shaft (above skin)

99
Q

What is the muscle near the hair root called)

A

The arrector pili muscle

100
Q

About how many hairs do you lose a day?

A

About 50 hairs are lost every day

101
Q

What can hair testing be useful for and why?

A

Because nutrients are incorporated into hair, the hair can be tested for chemicals like mercury

102
Q

What part of the body can be tested for chemicals like mercury and why?

A

The hair, because nutrients are incorporated into hair

103
Q

What is hair color produced by and why?

A

Hair color is produced by melanocytes at the hair papilla

104
Q

What is hair color determined by?

A

Genes

105
Q

What are the two types of hairs?

A

Vellus and terminal hairs

106
Q

What are vellus hairs?

A

They’re soft and fine, and they cover the body’s surface

107
Q

What are terminal hairs?

A

They’re heavy and pigmented, and they make up the hair on your head and eyebrows. They also cover other parts of the body after puberty.

108
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

Oil glands that secrete a lipid called sebum

109
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

A lipid called sebum

110
Q

What do sebaceous glands and sebum do?

A

They lubricate the hair, control bacteria, and maintain keratinized cells from drying out

111
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A

Apocrine glands and merocrine glands

112
Q

What are apocrine glands?

A

They secrete sticky stuff that has proteins and fats

113
Q

What are merocrine glands?

A

They have water salty secretions that contain vitamins and drugs

114
Q

Where are merocrine glands found?

A

All over the body, but especially on the palms, soles, and forehead

115
Q

Where does nail production occur?

A

Deep in the epidermis fold near the bone called the nail root

116
Q

What is the main part of the nail called?

A

The nail body

117
Q

What is the nail body?

A

The visible portion of the nail that covers the nail bed

118
Q

Where does the nail grow from?

A

The eponychium/ cuticle

119
Q

What is the first step of repairing localized injuries to the skin?

A

First bleeding occurs, and mast cells trigger an inflammatory response

120
Q

What is the second step of repairing localized injuries to the skin?

A

A scab stabilizes and protects the area

121
Q

What happens during the inflammatory response when localized injuries to the skin are being repaired?

A

Germinative cells migrate around the wound, microphages clean the area, and fibroblasts and endothelial cells move in and produce granulation tissue

122
Q

What do macrophages do in the inflammatory response when healing a skin injury?

A

They clean the area

123
Q

What do fibroblasts and endothelial cells do in the inflammatory response when healing a skin injury?

A

They move in and produce granulation tissue

124
Q

What is the third step of repairing localized injuries to the skin?

A

Fibroblasts produce scar tissue, inflammation decreases, and the clot disintegrates

125
Q

What is the fourth step of repairing localized injuries to the skin?

A

Fibroblasts strengthen scar tissue, and a raised keloid forms

High School Anatomy (36 decks)

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