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High School Anatomy > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

A fluid connective tissue

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2
Q

What percentage of body weight is blood?

A

8%

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3
Q

What is made up of cells and cell fragments in a liquid matrix?

A

Blood

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4
Q

What is a liquid matrix?

A

Plasma

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5
Q

What does cells, cell fragments, and plasma make up?

A

Blood

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6
Q

What is blood made of?

A

Cells, cell fragments, and plasma

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7
Q

What percent of the blood is plasma?

A

55%

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8
Q

What makes up 55% of the blood?

A

Plasma

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9
Q

What color is plasma?

A

Pale yellow

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10
Q

What part of the blood is pale yellow?

A

Plasma

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11
Q

What makes up 90% of plasma?

A

Water

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12
Q

What makes up 8% of plasma?

A

Proteins

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13
Q

What makes up plasma? (Percents)

A

90% water, 8% proteins, and 2% other stuff

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14
Q

What is made up of water, proteins, and other stuff?

A

Plasma

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15
Q

What makes up 45% of whole blood?

A

Erythrocytes

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16
Q

What do erythrocytes make up?

A

45% of whole blood

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17
Q

What are erythrocytes made up of?

A

Hematocrit

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18
Q

What does hematocrit make up?

A

Erythrocytes

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19
Q

What are the formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes and the buffy coat

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20
Q

What makes up less than one percent of whole blood?

A

The buffy coat

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21
Q

What does the buffy coat made of?

A

Platelets

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22
Q

What do platelets make up?

A

The buffy coat

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23
Q

What do white blood cells make up?

A

Platelets

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24
Q

What are platelets made of?

A

White blood cells

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25
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

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26
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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27
Q

What type of cells don’t have a nucleus or really any organelles?

A

Red blood cells/ erythrocytes

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28
Q

What don’t red blood cells have? What does this mean?

A

A nucleus or really any organelles, which means they can’t divide

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29
Q

What transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues, and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs?

A

Erythrocytes

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30
Q

What do erythrocytes do?

A

They transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues, and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

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31
Q

What shape are erythrocytes?

A

Disk shaped/ a donut without a hole

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32
Q

Why are erythrocytes shaped the way they are?

A

To increase the surface area of the cell and be foldable

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33
Q

How long do erythrocytes live?

A

100 to 120 days

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34
Q

What type of cells live 100-120 days?

A

Erythrocytes

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35
Q

What is the main component of erythrocytes?

A

Hemoglobin

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36
Q

What is hemoglobin the main component of?

A

Erythrocytes

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37
Q

What does hemoglobin do?

A

It transports oxygen

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38
Q

What transports oxygen?

A

Hemoglobin

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39
Q

What does each globin protein have?

A

4 chains that attach to a heme pigment

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40
Q

What has 4 chains that attach to a heme pigment?

A

Hemoglobin

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41
Q

How much iron does each heme have?

A

1 iron atom

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42
Q

What happens when hemoglobin is exposed to oxygen?

A

The oxygen binds to the iron

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43
Q

What does oxygen bind with in hemoglobin?

A

It binds with the iron

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44
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

A complex of hemoglobin and oxygen

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45
Q

What is a complex of hemoglobin and oxygen called?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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46
Q

How many red blood cells are in the body?

A

20-30 trillion

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47
Q

How many red blood cells are there in each microliter of blood?

A

5 million

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48
Q

How many hemoglobin molecules are there in each erythrocyte?

A

250+ million

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49
Q

How much oxygen does each hemoglobin molecule carry?

A

4

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50
Q

How many oxygen are there in a red blood cell?

A

1.08 billion

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51
Q

How many red blood cells are made per second in the body?

A

2 million

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52
Q

Why does the body make so many red blood cells?

A

To balance out the red blood cell death rate

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53
Q

What makes up 60% of plasma proteins?

A

Albumin

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54
Q

What percentage of plasma proteins is made up of albumin?

A

60%

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55
Q

What percentage of plasma proteins is made up of globulins?

56
Q

What percentage of plasma proteins is made up of fibrogens?

57
Q

What makes up 36% of plasma proteins?

58
Q

What makes up 4% of plasma proteins?

A

Fibrinogens

59
Q

What does albumin do?

A

It helps maintain the water balance/ osmotic pressure

60
Q

What are the three plasma proteins?

A

Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen

61
Q

What are albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen?

A

Plasma proteins

62
Q

What helps maintain the water balance and osmotic pressure?

63
Q

What are the antibodies of the plasma proteins?

64
Q

What transports molecules that bind to lipids, metal ions, and soluble vitamins?

65
Q

What do globulins do?

A

They transport molecules that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat-soluble vitamins

66
Q

What do globulins transport?

A

Lipids, metal ions, and fat-soluble vitamins

67
Q

Why is fibrinogen important?

A

It’s a critical part of blood clot formation

68
Q

What is a critical part in blood clot formation?

A

Fibrinogen

69
Q

What is albumin?

A

A plasma protein

70
Q

What is globulin?

A

A plasma protein

71
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

A plasma protein

72
Q

What is the process of forming blood cells in red bone marrow?

A

Hematapoesis

73
Q

What is hematapoesis?

A

The process of forming blood cells in red bone marrow

74
Q

What does hematapoesis form?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

75
Q

What does erythropoesis do?

A

It maintains the balance between blood cell production and destruction

76
Q

What maintains the balance between red blood cell creation and destruction?

A

Erythropoesis

77
Q

How many red blood cells are made per day on average?

A

200 billion

78
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

It decreases the number of red blood cells

79
Q

What decreases the number of red blood cells?

A

Erythropoietin

80
Q

What can erythropoietin cause?

A

An insufficient amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell (An iron deficiency)

81
Q

What can cause iron deficiencies?

A

Erythropoietin

82
Q

What can cause an insufficient amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell?

A

Erythropoietin

83
Q

What is caused by an insufficient amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell?

A

An iron deficiency

84
Q

What can be caused by an iron deficiency?

A

A decrease in oxygen availability

85
Q

What does erythropoietin base its destruction of red blood cells on?

A

Not the number of red blood cells, but their capability

86
Q

What does erythropoiesis need to happen?

A

Iron, amino acids, and B vitamins

87
Q

What needs iron, amino acids, and B vitamins?

A

Erythropoesis

88
Q

What happens during erythrocyte destruction?

A

The cells become brittle and aged

89
Q

What can trigger erythrocyte destruction?

A

Fragments in small cappillieries, especially in the spleen

90
Q

What can fragments in small capillaries cause?

A

Erythrocyte destruction

91
Q

What destroys erythrocytes?

A

Macrophages

92
Q

What happens during erythrocyte destruction?

A

Macrophages salvage and store the iron, and the heme is degraded into bilirubin

93
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

They help in erythrocyte destruction

94
Q

What happens to heme after erythrocyte destruction?

A

It’s degraded into bilirubin, transported to the liver, and secreted from the bile to the feces

95
Q

What makes feces brown?

A

The heme from destroyed erythrocytes that’s turned into bilirubin

96
Q

What are blood related disorders?

A

Anemia and polycythemia

97
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

They make up less than 1% of blood volume

98
Q

What shape are leukeocytes?

99
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

The movement out of capillaries

100
Q

What is the movement out of capillaries called?

A

Diapedesis

101
Q

What is positive chemotais?

A

The movement towards capillaries

102
Q

What is the movement towards capillaries called?

A

Positive chemotais

103
Q

How many leukeocytes are made a day?

A

10 billion

104
Q

What do leukeocytes do?

A

They protect against invaders and eat dead cell debris

105
Q

What protects against invaders and eats dead cell debris?

A

Leukeocytes

106
Q

What is the rhyme to remember the percentages of the different leukocytes?

A

Never let mommies eat bananas

107
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

108
Q

How long are neutrophils in the blood?

A

10-12 hours

109
Q

What type of leukocyte is in the blood for 10-12 hours?

A

Neutrophils

110
Q

Where do neutrophils go after they’re in the blood?

A

They move into other tissues and eat foreign substances

111
Q

What makes up a large portion of pus?

A

Neutrophils

112
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

They release chemicals to reduce inflammation and destroy some worm parasites

113
Q

What releases chemicals to reduce inflammation?

A

Eosinophils

114
Q

What destroys some worm parasites?

A

Eosinophils

115
Q

What do basophils do?

A

They release histamine, chemicals that promote inflammation, and heparin

116
Q

What does heparin do?

A

It helps prevent blood clotting

117
Q

What prevents blood clotting?

118
Q

What releases histamine?

119
Q

What releases chemicals that promote inflammation?

120
Q

What releases heparin?

121
Q

What are the types of agranular leukeocytes?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

122
Q

What are the two subcategories of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes and agranular

123
Q

What are the largest white blood cells?

124
Q

What are macrophages in tissues?

125
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

They phagocytoze debris and bacteria and present destroyed substances to lymphocytes

126
Q

What phagocytizes debris and bacteria?

127
Q

What presents destroyed substances to lymphocytes?

128
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

The smallest white blood cells

129
Q

What are the smallest white blood cells?

A

Lymphocytes

130
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

They produce antibodies and chemicals that destroy microorganisms

131
Q

What are lymphocytes involved in?

A

Allergies, graft rejections, and tumor control

132
Q

What is involved in allergies, graft rejection, and tumor control?

A

Lymphocytes

133
Q

What produces antibodies and chemicals that destroy microorganisms?

A

Lymphocytes

134
Q

What are platelets?

A

Minute fragments

135
Q

What do platelets form?

A

Platelet plugs and clot formation

136
Q

What do platelet plugs do?

A

They fix holes in vessels

High School Anatomy (36 decks)

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