Blood Flashcards
1
Q
What type of tissue is blood?
A
A fluid connective tissue
2
Q
What percentage of body weight is blood?
A
8%
3
Q
What is made up of cells and cell fragments in a liquid matrix?
A
Blood
4
Q
What is a liquid matrix?
A
Plasma
5
Q
What does cells, cell fragments, and plasma make up?
A
Blood
6
Q
What is blood made of?
A
Cells, cell fragments, and plasma
7
Q
What percent of the blood is plasma?
A
55%
8
Q
What makes up 55% of the blood?
A
Plasma
9
Q
What color is plasma?
A
Pale yellow
10
Q
What part of the blood is pale yellow?
A
Plasma
11
Q
What makes up 90% of plasma?
A
Water
12
Q
What makes up 8% of plasma?
A
Proteins
13
Q
What makes up plasma? (Percents)
A
90% water, 8% proteins, and 2% other stuff
14
Q
What is made up of water, proteins, and other stuff?
A
Plasma
15
Q
What makes up 45% of whole blood?
A
Erythrocytes
16
Q
What do erythrocytes make up?
A
45% of whole blood
17
Q
What are erythrocytes made up of?
A
Hematocrit
18
Q
What does hematocrit make up?
A
Erythrocytes
19
Q
What are the formed elements?
A
Erythrocytes and the buffy coat
20
Q
What makes up less than one percent of whole blood?
A
The buffy coat
21
Q
What does the buffy coat made of?
A
Platelets
22
Q
What do platelets make up?
A
The buffy coat
23
Q
What do white blood cells make up?
A
Platelets
24
Q
What are platelets made of?
A
White blood cells
25
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells
26
What are red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
27
What type of cells don't have a nucleus or really any organelles?
Red blood cells/ erythrocytes
28
What don't red blood cells have? What does this mean?
A nucleus or really any organelles, which means they can't divide
29
What transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues, and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs?
Erythrocytes
30
What do erythrocytes do?
They transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues, and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
31
What shape are erythrocytes?
Disk shaped/ a donut without a hole
32
Why are erythrocytes shaped the way they are?
To increase the surface area of the cell and be foldable
33
How long do erythrocytes live?
100 to 120 days
34
What type of cells live 100-120 days?
Erythrocytes
35
What is the main component of erythrocytes?
Hemoglobin
36
What is hemoglobin the main component of?
Erythrocytes
37
What does hemoglobin do?
It transports oxygen
38
What transports oxygen?
Hemoglobin
39
What does each globin protein have?
4 chains that attach to a heme pigment
40
What has 4 chains that attach to a heme pigment?
Hemoglobin
41
How much iron does each heme have?
1 iron atom
42
What happens when hemoglobin is exposed to oxygen?
The oxygen binds to the iron
43
What does oxygen bind with in hemoglobin?
It binds with the iron
44
What is oxyhemoglobin?
A complex of hemoglobin and oxygen
45
What is a complex of hemoglobin and oxygen called?
Oxyhemoglobin
46
How many red blood cells are in the body?
20-30 trillion
47
How many red blood cells are there in each microliter of blood?
5 million
48
How many hemoglobin molecules are there in each erythrocyte?
250+ million
49
How much oxygen does each hemoglobin molecule carry?
4
50
How many oxygen are there in a red blood cell?
1.08 billion
51
How many red blood cells are made per second in the body?
2 million
52
Why does the body make so many red blood cells?
To balance out the red blood cell death rate
53
What makes up 60% of plasma proteins?
Albumin
54
What percentage of plasma proteins is made up of albumin?
60%
55
What percentage of plasma proteins is made up of globulins?
36%
56
What percentage of plasma proteins is made up of fibrogens?
4%
57
What makes up 36% of plasma proteins?
Globulins
58
What makes up 4% of plasma proteins?
Fibrinogens
59
What does albumin do?
It helps maintain the water balance/ osmotic pressure
60
What are the three plasma proteins?
Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen
61
What are albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen?
Plasma proteins
62
What helps maintain the water balance and osmotic pressure?
Albumin
63
What are the antibodies of the plasma proteins?
Globulin
64
What transports molecules that bind to lipids, metal ions, and soluble vitamins?
Globulins
65
What do globulins do?
They transport molecules that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat-soluble vitamins
66
What do globulins transport?
Lipids, metal ions, and fat-soluble vitamins
67
Why is fibrinogen important?
It's a critical part of blood clot formation
68
What is a critical part in blood clot formation?
Fibrinogen
69
What is albumin?
A plasma protein
70
What is globulin?
A plasma protein
71
What is fibrinogen?
A plasma protein
72
What is the process of forming blood cells in red bone marrow?
Hematapoesis
73
What is hematapoesis?
The process of forming blood cells in red bone marrow
74
What does hematapoesis form?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
75
What does erythropoesis do?
It maintains the balance between blood cell production and destruction
76
What maintains the balance between red blood cell creation and destruction?
Erythropoesis
77
How many red blood cells are made per day on average?
200 billion
78
What does erythropoietin do?
It decreases the number of red blood cells
79
What decreases the number of red blood cells?
Erythropoietin
80
What can erythropoietin cause?
An insufficient amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell (An iron deficiency)
81
What can cause iron deficiencies?
Erythropoietin
82
What can cause an insufficient amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell?
Erythropoietin
83
What is caused by an insufficient amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell?
An iron deficiency
84
What can be caused by an iron deficiency?
A decrease in oxygen availability
85
What does erythropoietin base its destruction of red blood cells on?
Not the number of red blood cells, but their capability
86
What does erythropoiesis need to happen?
Iron, amino acids, and B vitamins
87
What needs iron, amino acids, and B vitamins?
Erythropoesis
88
What happens during erythrocyte destruction?
The cells become brittle and aged
89
What can trigger erythrocyte destruction?
Fragments in small cappillieries, especially in the spleen
90
What can fragments in small capillaries cause?
Erythrocyte destruction
91
What destroys erythrocytes?
Macrophages
92
What happens during erythrocyte destruction?
Macrophages salvage and store the iron, and the heme is degraded into bilirubin
93
What do macrophages do?
They help in erythrocyte destruction
94
What happens to heme after erythrocyte destruction?
It's degraded into bilirubin, transported to the liver, and secreted from the bile to the feces
95
What makes feces brown?
The heme from destroyed erythrocytes that's turned into bilirubin
96
What are blood related disorders?
Anemia and polycythemia
97
What are leukocytes?
They make up less than 1% of blood volume
98
What shape are leukeocytes?
Spherical
99
What is diapedesis?
The movement out of capillaries
100
What is the movement out of capillaries called?
Diapedesis
101
What is positive chemotais?
The movement towards capillaries
102
What is the movement towards capillaries called?
Positive chemotais
103
How many leukeocytes are made a day?
10 billion
104
What do leukeocytes do?
They protect against invaders and eat dead cell debris
105
What protects against invaders and eats dead cell debris?
Leukeocytes
106
What is the rhyme to remember the percentages of the different leukocytes?
Never let mommies eat bananas
107
What are the types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
108
How long are neutrophils in the blood?
10-12 hours
109
What type of leukocyte is in the blood for 10-12 hours?
Neutrophils
110
Where do neutrophils go after they're in the blood?
They move into other tissues and eat foreign substances
111
What makes up a large portion of pus?
Neutrophils
112
What do eosinophils do?
They release chemicals to reduce inflammation and destroy some worm parasites
113
What releases chemicals to reduce inflammation?
Eosinophils
114
What destroys some worm parasites?
Eosinophils
115
What do basophils do?
They release histamine, chemicals that promote inflammation, and heparin
116
What does heparin do?
It helps prevent blood clotting
117
What prevents blood clotting?
Heparin
118
What releases histamine?
Basophils
119
What releases chemicals that promote inflammation?
Basophils
120
What releases heparin?
Basophils
121
What are the types of agranular leukeocytes?
Monocytes and lymphocytes
122
What are the two subcategories of leukocytes?
Granulocytes and agranular
123
What are the largest white blood cells?
Monocytes
124
What are macrophages in tissues?
Monocytes
125
What do monocytes do?
They phagocytoze debris and bacteria and present destroyed substances to lymphocytes
126
What phagocytizes debris and bacteria?
Monocytes
127
What presents destroyed substances to lymphocytes?
Monocytes
128
What are lymphocytes?
The smallest white blood cells
129
What are the smallest white blood cells?
Lymphocytes
130
What do lymphocytes do?
They produce antibodies and chemicals that destroy microorganisms
131
What are lymphocytes involved in?
Allergies, graft rejections, and tumor control
132
What is involved in allergies, graft rejection, and tumor control?
Lymphocytes
133
What produces antibodies and chemicals that destroy microorganisms?
Lymphocytes
134
What are platelets?
Minute fragments
135
What do platelets form?
Platelet plugs and clot formation
136
What do platelet plugs do?
They fix holes in vessels
