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High School Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of mechanisms used to maintain homeostasis?

A

Positive feedback and negative feedback

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2
Q

Which type of feedback is the most common?

A

Negative feedback

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3
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

It regulates long term processes

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4
Q

What are some examples of what the endocrine system regulates?

A

It regulates growth, development, and reproduction

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5
Q

What is the endocrine system unable to do?

A

It’s unable to handle split-second responses

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6
Q

What does the endocrine system use chemical messengers for?

A

They use them to relay information and instruction to cells

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7
Q

What makes up the endocrine system?

A

All endocrine cells and body tissues that produce hormones

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8
Q

What do endocrine cells release?

A

They release chemicals (hormones) into the blood stream

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9
Q

What releases hormones/chemicals into the blood stream?

A

Endocrine cells

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10
Q

What do hormones do?

A

They alter metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously, they stimulate synthesis of enzymes or structural proteins in the cell, they activate and deactivate enzymes, they stimulate mitosis, and they induce secretory activity

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11
Q

What alters metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously?

A

Hormones

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12
Q

What stimulates the synthesis of enzymes + structural proteins in the cell?

A

Hormones

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13
Q

What activates and deactivates enzymes?

A

Hormones

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14
Q

What stimulates mitosis?

A

Hormones

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15
Q

What induces secretory activity?

A

Hormones

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16
Q

What are small molecules that are structurally related to amino acids?

A

Amino acid derivatives

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17
Q

Are AAs water soluble?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What are AAs synthesized from?

A

Amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan

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19
Q

What are steroid-based hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol (lipids)

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20
Q

Where are steroid-based hormones released from?

A

The reproductive organs, adrenal glands, and kidneys

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21
Q

What is unique about water-soluble hormones?

A

They can’t enter the cell and instead act on the receptor in the plasma membrane

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22
Q

What can most amino acid hormones be described as?

A

Water-soluble

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23
Q

What do water soluble hormones act on ?

A

They act on the receptor in the plasma membrane

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24
Q

What type of hormone can’t enter the cell, and instead acts on the receptor in the plasma membrane?

A

Water-soluble hormones

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25
Q

What types of hormones can cross the membrane?

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones

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26
Q

What can steroid and thyroid hormones do?

A

Cross the cell membrane

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27
Q

What are the two types of hormone travel?

A

Circulating freely or being bound to transport proteins

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28
Q

Which type of hormone travel causes the hormone to only remain functional for an hour?

A

Free hormones / free circulation

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29
Q

What are some characteristics of free hormones/ free circulation?

A

They only remain functional for an hour and they diffuse out of the blood and bind to receptors

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30
Q

What type of hormones diffuse out of the blood and bind to receptors? (Travel)

A

Free hormones

31
Q

What types of hormones remain in blood longer?

A

Thyroid and steroid

32
Q

What types of hormones cross cell membranes?

A

Thyroid hormones and steroid hormones

33
Q

What is amplification?

A

When a small number of hormones bind to membrane receptors, which leads to thousands of second messengers in the cell.

34
Q

What is the effect of amplification?

A

The effect of the hormone on the target cell is amplified

35
Q

What is down regulation?

A

The presence of a hormone decreases in the number of hormone receptors.

36
Q

What happens when hormone levels are high in down regulation?

A

When levels are high, the cells become less sensitive

37
Q

What is up regulation?

A

When the absence of a hormone triggered an increase in the number of hormone receptors

38
Q

What happens when hormone levels are low in up regulation?

A

When levels are low, the cells become more sensitive

39
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

It integrates the nervous and endocrine systems

40
Q

What three things does the hypothalamus do?

A

It decreases regulatory hormones, acts as an endocrine organ, and contains autonomic***

41
Q

What controls the endocrine cells of the pituitary gland?

A

Special hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

42
Q

What is the master gland?

A

The pituitary gland

43
Q

What is the pituitary gland also called?

A

The master gland

44
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

It hangs inferior to the hypothalamus

45
Q

What connects the pituitary gland?

A

It’s connected by the infundibulum

46
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

It releases important peptide hormones, which bind to the membrane receptors

47
Q

What do blood vessels do? What is this called?

A

Blood vessels in the pituitary link two capillary networks, called the portal system

48
Q

What doesn’t he hypophyseal portal system ensure?

A

It ensures that hormones/ regulatory factors reach the intended target cells before entering general circulation

49
Q

What ensures that hormones reach the intended target before they enter general circulation?

A

The hypophyseal portal system

50
Q

What are the two types of hypothalamic regulatory hormones?

A

Releasing and inhibiting hormones

51
Q

What are releasing and inhibiting hormones?

A

They’re the two types of hypothalamic regulatory hormones

52
Q

When is ADH released?

A

When you’re dehydrated

53
Q

What is released when you’re dehydrated?

A

ADH

54
Q

What does ADH cause?

A

Vasoconstriction and your kidneys to not produce much urine

55
Q

What does oxytocin affect and what inhibits it?

A

It stimulates the mammary gland + uterine wall and it’s inhibited by stress

56
Q

What surrounds the thyroid follicles?

A

The thyroid capillaries

57
Q

What determines the amount of thyroid hormones released?

A

The blood TSH concentration

58
Q

What does calcitonin regulate? What does this prevent?

A

It regulates calcitonin concentration, and it decreases/ prevents bone breakdown by osteoclasts

59
Q

What does calcitonin increase?

A

It increases the excretion in the kidneys

60
Q

What can’t be stored?

A

Calcitonin

61
Q

What do the parathyroid glands control?

A

They control osteoclasts

62
Q

Where are the adrenal glands and what do they make?

A

They’re along the top of the kidneys and they create steroid hormones

63
Q

What does glucocorticoids secrete and what does it regulate and increase?

A

It secretes cortisol and it regulates blood glucose and increases glucose synthesis

64
Q

What stimulates glucocorticoids?

A

It’s stimulated by stress or ACTH

65
Q

What does glucocorticoids affect?

A

The liver

66
Q

What produces androgens?

A

ACTH stimuli

67
Q

What do androgens produce?

A

A small amount of testosterone and a very small amount of estrogen

68
Q

What is required for female sex drive?

A

Estrogen

69
Q

What controls the flight or fight instinct?

A

The adrenal medullae

70
Q

What does the adrenal medulla do?

A

It controls the fight or flight instinct

71
Q

What does the adrenal medullae produce?

A

80% E, 20% NE

72
Q

What does adrenal medullae cause?

A

Metabolic change due to to the fight or flight response

73
Q

What does the adrenal medullae affect?

A

Most cells

74
Q

What does the pineal gland control?

A

Sleep (melatonin) and puberty

High School Anatomy (36 decks)

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