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High School Anatomy > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

What’s another name for muscle cells?

A

Muscle fibers

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2
Q

What are the three roots that refer to muscles?

A

Myo,mys, and sarco

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3
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of muscle fibers?

A

Excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity

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4
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system?

A

To produce movement, maintain posture and position, stabilize joints, generate heat, protect viscera, form valves, dilate pupils, and form the arrector pili

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5
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, cardial, smooth

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

It’s multi-nucleated, striated, and voluntary

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of cardial muscle?

A

It’s uni-nucleated, striated, and involuntary

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

It’s uni-nucleated, involuntary, visceral, and not striated

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9
Q

What type of muscle is multi nucleated, striated, and voluntary?

A

Skeletal

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10
Q

What type of muscle is uni-nucleated, striated, and involuntary

A

Cardial

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11
Q

What type of muscle is uni-nucleated, involuntary, visceral, and not striated?

A

Smooth

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12
Q

Is each skeletal muscle an organ? Why?

A

Yes, each skeletal muscle is an organ because it contains things like contractile tissue, nerves, vessels, and connective tissue.

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13
Q

What does skeletal muscle contain?

A

Contractile tissue, nerves, vessels, and connective tissue.

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14
Q

What is each skeletal muscle served by?

A

One nerve, an artery, and one or more veins.

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15
Q

Where is the entrance and the exit of a skeletal muscle located?

A

Near the center and the branch

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16
Q

What type of muscle contains contractile tissue, nerves, vessels, and connective tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle

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17
Q

What type of muscle is serviced by one nerve, an artery, and one or more veins?

A

Skeletal muscle

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18
Q

What type of muscle has a rich blood supply? Why?

A

The skeletal muscle, because it needs lots of nutrients

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19
Q

What is another name for cell membrane?

A

Sarcolema

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20
Q

What is another name for sarcolema?

A

Cell membrane

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21
Q

What is another name for cytoplasm?

A

Sarcoplasm

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22
Q

What is another name for sarcoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

What is another name for one contractile unit?

A

A sarcomere

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24
Q

What is another name for a sarcomere?

A

One contractile unit

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25
Q

What are the three types of tissue of the skeletal muscles?

A

The epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

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26
Q

What connective tissue of the skeletal muscle is a dense irregular tissue and is considered the “overcoat”?

A

The epimysium

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27
Q

What connective tissue of the skeletal muscle surrounds the fascicles?

A

The perimysium

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28
Q

What are fasicles?

A

Fiber bundles

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29
Q

What are the fiber bundles of the skeletal muscle called?

A

Fasicles

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30
Q

What connective tissue of the skeletal muscle surrounds each muscle fiber?

A

The endomysium

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31
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

It’s a dense irregular tissue and is considered the “overcoat” of the skeletal muscle

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32
Q

What does the perimysium do?

A

It surrounds the fascicles of the skeletal muscle

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33
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

It’s a connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber of the skeletal muscle

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34
Q

How do muscles contract?

A

A fiber contracts, which makes the fibers shorten. Shortening occurs a little bit in each sarcomere, and fibrils pull on connective tissue which then moves other structures

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35
Q

What is the primary protein of the thin filaments?

A

Actin

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36
Q

What is actin?

A

The primary protein of the thin filaments

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37
Q

What covers up the binding sites when relaxed?

A

Tropomyosin

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38
Q

What does troponin bind to?

A

Tropomyosin, actin, and calcium

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39
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

As actin is exposed, myosin binds

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40
Q

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

To store calcium ions

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41
Q

What stores calcium ions?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

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42
Q

What surrounds each myofibril?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

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43
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

The elaborate smooth ER of a muscle cell

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44
Q

Describe the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

It’s the elaborate smooth ER of a muscle cell, it surrounds each myofibril, it’s associated with large numbers of mitochondria, and its major job is to regulate intracellular levels of calcium

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45
Q

What is the major job of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

To regulate intracellular levels of calcium

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46
Q

What are the t-tubules?

A

It’s the tube of the sarcolemma that extends perpendicular to the muscle fibers

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47
Q

What is the tube of the sarcolemma that extends perpendicular to the muscle fibers?

A

The t-tubules

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48
Q

What forms a triad?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum and the t-tubules

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49
Q

What conducts nerve impulses into the deepest part of muscle?

A

The t-tubules

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50
Q

What do the t-tubules do?

A

They conduct impulses to the deepest part of the muscle and to each sarcomere

51
Q

What are action potentials?

A

Nervous stimulations

52
Q

What is a characteristic of nervous stimulations?

A

They’re all or none

53
Q

What do action potentials do?

A

They send impulses along the sarcolema

54
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

The place where the neuron and the muscle meet

55
Q

What are the two parts of the neuromuscular junction?

A

The synaptic cleft and the neurotransmitter

56
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

The space between the axon and the sarcolemma

57
Q

What is the space between the axon and the sarcolemma?

A

The synaptic cleft

58
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

The substance that carries the action potential across the synaptic cleft

59
Q

What is the name of the muscle neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

60
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

The muscle neurotransmitter

61
Q

What is the generation of potential on the sarcolemma?

A

Nervous stimulation

62
Q

What happens during the generation of potential on the sarcolemma?

A

Acetylcholine is binded to the receptors

63
Q

What is the sarcolemma’s original state?

A

Polarized

64
Q

What happens during relaxation [of muscles]?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum reclaims calcium ions from the cytosol, the calcium releases from troponin, troponin changes shape and returns the tropomyosin, and the myosin releases from actin

65
Q

What reclaims the calcium ions from the cytosol (pump)?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

66
Q

What changes shape during relaxation?

A

Troponin

67
Q

What releases from the actin during relaxation?

A

Myosin

68
Q

What is muscle tension?

A

The force exerted by contracting muscle

69
Q

What is the force exerted by contracting muscle called?

A

Muscle tension

70
Q

What is load?

A

The force opposing muscle contraction

71
Q

What is the force opposing muscle contraction?

A

The load

72
Q

What is isometric?

A

When the load is greater than the tension

73
Q

What is it called when the load is greater than the tension?

A

Isometric

74
Q

What is isotonic?

A

When the tension is greater than the load

75
Q

What is it called when the tension is greater than the load?

A

Isotonic

76
Q

How many nerves serve each muscle?

A

One nerve serves each muscle

77
Q

What are nerves made up of?

A

Hundreds of neuronal axons

78
Q

What do hundreds of neuronal axons make up?

A

A nerve

79
Q

What are some characteristics of a neuronal axon?

A

Each neuronal axon branches many times

80
Q

What does each branch of an axon form?

A

a neuromuscular junction (NMJ) with a single fiber

81
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor neuron and all the fibers it supplies

82
Q

What is a motor neuron?

A

Part of a motor unit

83
Q

How many fibers make up a motor unit?

A

Anywhere between four and hundreds

84
Q

What is a muscle twitch?

A

The response of a motor unit to a single action potential

85
Q

What is the response of a motor unit to a single action potential called?

A

A muscle twitch

86
Q

What are the three phases of a muscle twitch?

A

The latent period, the period of contraction, and the period of relaxation

87
Q

What happens during the latent period of a muscle twitch?

A

E-C coupling. It’s stimulated but no response yet

88
Q

What happens during the period of contraction of a muscle twitch?

A

The cross bridges are active

89
Q

What happens during the period of relaxation of a muscle twitch?

A

The SR reclaims

90
Q

What do the mitochondria do in the muscles?

A

They turn glucose into ATP, but need oxygen to do so

91
Q

What are the three metabolic processes of general muscle metabolism?

A

Creatine phosphate, glycolysis, and aerobic respiration

92
Q

What does creatine phosphate give?

A

Creatine phosphate can give its phosphate to ATP

93
Q

What do muscles store a lot of?

A

Creatine phosphate

94
Q

How long can the use of creatine phosphate last?

A

14-16 seconds

95
Q

What does creatine phosphate allow for?

A

It allows for a metabolic shift

96
Q

What is the purpose of glycolysis? What is one unintended product.

A

To generate at least a little ATP, but it also creates lactic acid and oxygen debt

97
Q

About how many ATP does glycolysis generate?

A

Around 2 ATP per glucose

98
Q

What process generates lactic acid?

A

Glycolysis

99
Q

What us the only drawback of aerobic respiration?

A

It requires more time, nutrients, and oxygen

100
Q

What is the term for when the body switches over from aerobic respiration to anaerobic?

A

Aerobic endurance / anaerobic threshold

101
Q

What is aerobic endurance/ anaerobic threshold?

A

When the body switches over from aerobic respiration to anaerobic

102
Q

What is muscle fatigue most likely a result of?

A

The buildup of potassium in the t-tubules, which halts calcium release

103
Q

Generally, what’s the pattern when it comes to how long it takes to recover from muscle fatigue?

A

The shorter duration of muscle fatigue equals a quick recovery and vice versa

104
Q

What is oxygen used for when it’s restored after an oxygen deficit?

A

To restore muscle chemistry, replace muscle glycogen, and replenish creatine phosphate

105
Q

What percentage of muscle activity is lost as heat?

A

60%

106
Q

What percentage of muscle activity is actually used as work?

A

40%

107
Q

What is muscle response graded by?

A

The frequency or strength

108
Q

What is the force of contraction controlled by?

A

The number of fibers stimulated, the size of the stimulated fibers, and the frequency of stimulation

109
Q

What happens during recruitment?

A

Multiple motor unit summation

110
Q

Which fibers are recruited first?

A

Smaller muscle fibers are recruited first, biggest ones last

111
Q

Why are fibers recruited from smallest to largest?

A

To allow for smooth and gradual muscular contractions

112
Q

What does endurance exercise do to the body?

A

It increases the capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin

113
Q

What does muscular hypotrophy/ resistance training do to the body?

A

It increases the muscle fiber size, and creates more mitochondria, myofilaments/fibrils, and causes the body to store more glycogen

114
Q

What’s another name for muscular hypotrophy?

A

Resistance training

115
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

It lines hollow organs

116
Q

How is smooth muscle organized?

A

In sheets

117
Q

What are the two types of smooth muscle?*

A

Longitudinal and circular

118
Q

What does smooth muscle allow for?*

A

Peristalsis

119
Q

What are varicosities?

A

The swellings of nerves

120
Q

What are the swellings of nerves called?

A

Varicosities

121
Q

Compare the junctions of smooth muscle with that of skeletal muscle

A

Smooth muscle has diffuse junctions, and skeletal muscle has much more efficient junctions

122
Q

What does smooth muscle lack that skeletal muscle has?

A

Smooth muscle lacks tissue sheaths, its sarcoplasmic reticulum isn’t as organized, and it doesn’t have t-tubules or striations

123
Q

What are pacemaker cells?

A

They set the beat to which the whole muscle/ group of cells moves

124
Q

How long does it take smooth muscle to contract and relax compared to skeletal muscle?

A

It takes 30 times as long as it takes the skeletal muscle to contract and relax

High School Anatomy (36 decks)

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