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High School Anatomy > Molecules and Cells > Flashcards

Molecules and Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms bonded together (can be the same or different atoms)

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2
Q

What is a compound?

A

Two or more different atoms bonded together

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3
Q

When do atoms interact?

A

When there are vacancies in their outermost shells

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4
Q

How is a chemical bond created?

A

Sharing, gaining, or losing electrons

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5
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Attraction between opposite charges

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6
Q

What are some characteristics of ionic bonds?

A

Cations (positive) and anions (negative), donating, and dissolve easily

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7
Q

How do atoms achieve stability?

A

They share electrons

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8
Q

Why do atoms share electrons?

A

To achieve stability

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9
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

Gives off energy

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10
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

It consumes energy

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11
Q

What ions do acids have free?

A

Acids have H+ free

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12
Q

What ions do bases have free?

A

Bases have free OH-

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13
Q

What are the 4 organic macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid

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14
Q

What makes carbon the building block of life?

A

It has 4 electrons in its outer shell

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15
Q

What does electroneutral mean?

A

It always shares electrons

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16
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Molecules that contain carbon

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17
Q

What common element is electroneutral?

A

Carbon

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18
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

[quick] energy

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19
Q

What is the molecular structure of a carbohydrate?

A

C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio

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20
Q

What are the two types of carbohydrates and examples?

A

Simple (pixie stick) and complex (whole wheat bread)

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of simple sugars?

A

They’re sweet and provide quick energy

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of complex carbohydrates?

A

Starch/ cellulose and provides lasting energy

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23
Q

What are three types of carbs?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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24
Q

What are the problems with carbs?

A

They can cause diabetes and weight gain

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25
Q

What is a common characteristic of problematic foods?

A

They’re high in refined carbs

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26
Q

What doesn’t have carbs?

A

Meats

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27
Q

How many calories per gram are in carbs?

A

4 calories per gram

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28
Q

What happens to unused carbs?

A

They’re stored as fat

29
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats

30
Q

What are the 3 groups of lipids?

A

Oils fats and waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.

31
Q

What do oils, fats, and waxes contain?

A

Only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They have 3 fatty chains and a glycerol molecule

32
Q

What are glycerides?

A

The fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

33
Q

What is triglyceride?

A

1 glyceride with 3 fatty acid trails; a fat storage molecule

34
Q

What is one distinct characteristic of phospholipids?

A

They have a polar side and a nonpolar side

35
Q

What do steroids have?

A

4 rings

36
Q

What is one example of a steroid?

A

Cholesterol

37
Q

What is cholesterol essential for?

A

Cell membrane integrity

38
Q

What is one characteristic of cholesterol?

A

It isn’t water soluble

39
Q

What are the two types of cholesterol?

A

HDL (good) and LDL (bad)

40
Q

What does LDL do?

A

It circulates and can be deposited in the arteries

41
Q

What is the most important organic molecule in the body?

A

Protein

42
Q

What is one unique characteristic of proteins?

A

They contain nitrogen

43
Q

What are the basic building blocks of proteins?

A

20 amino acids

44
Q

What determines the type of protein?

A

The arrangement of 20 amino acids

45
Q

What are 4 functions of proteins?

A

Enzymes, structure (hair), transportation (of o2 in the blood), and movement (muscles)

46
Q

What is the energy value of protein?

A

4 cal/g

47
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

Net out flow

48
Q

What are the 5 different parts of amino acid structure?

A

Central carbon, hydrogen, amino group, carboxylic acid group, and the r group/ variable side chain.

49
Q

What creates a peptide bond?

A

A dehydration synthesis reaction

50
Q

What is the primary structure of an amino acid?

A

A polypeptide

51
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

The primary structure of an amino acid. It’s a long chain of amino acids and peptide bonds.

52
Q

What is the secondary structure of an amino acid?

A

Hydrogen bonds

53
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

The secondary structure of amino acids. They form spirals (alpha helixes) or pleats (beta sheet)

54
Q

What is the tertiary structure of an amino acid?

A

It’s when the secondary structure folds into a unique shape.

55
Q

What does the tertiary structure of an amino acid look like?

A

Globular and the folding of the secondary structures

56
Q

What is the quaternary structure of an amino acid?

A

4 tertiary globs

57
Q

What are quaternary amino acid structures made of?

A

Hemoglobin or collagen or keratin

58
Q

What does the distribution of structure in a protein do?

A

It denatures a protein and causes it to stop working. Examples of this include cooking, sterilization, and sickness

59
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts, which are proteins that lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction

60
Q

What aren’t changed/used up in a reaction?

A

Enzymes are not changed or used up in a reaction

61
Q

What makes enzymes unique?

A

They only do one specific thing.

62
Q

What do enzymes often do?

A

They often adjust sterochemistry

63
Q

What do nucleic acids make up?

A

They make up RNA and DNA

64
Q

What are chains of nucleotides in nucleic acids made of?

A

5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen containing base

65
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

66
Q

What is the primary energy source for the body?

A

ATP

67
Q

What does ATP do?

A

Act as the primary energy source for the body

68
Q

Where is ATP energized?

A

In the mitochondria of the cell

69
Q

What is energized in the mitochondria of the cell?

A

ATP

High School Anatomy (36 decks)

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