Midterm Review-- What I Don't Know Flashcards
What plane divides the body into two symmetrical sides?
Midsaggital plane
What plane divides he body into a top and bottom portion?
Transverse plane
What plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
Coronal plane
The knee is _______ to the ankle
The knee is approximal to the ankle
The wrist is ______ to the elbow
The wrist is distal to the elbow
The eyes are ________ to the nose
The eyes are lateral to the nose
The chin is ______ to the mouth
The chin is inferior to the mouth
The epidermis is ______ to the dermis
The epidermis is superficial to the dermis
The belly button is in the ______ region of the abdomen
The belly button is in the umbilical region of the abdomen
The ventral body cavity is composed of what?
The thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
The dorsal body cavity is composed of what?
The cranial cavity and spinal column
What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?
Molecules can be made up of only one substance/ element
What is it called when we consider the shape of a chemical?
Stereochemistry
Making bonds _______ energy, breaking bonds _______ energy
Making bonds stores energy, breaking bonds releases energy
Ionic bonds _______ electrons while covalent bonds _____ electrons
Ionic bonds donate electrons, while covalent bonds share electrons
Water is what? What does this mean?
Polar, which means that it has a charge across it
Water doesn’t interact with what?
Water doesn’t interact with no polar molecules (like fats and oils)
What type of reaction consumes energy?
Endergonic reaction
What type of reaction gives off energy?
Exergonic reaction
What type of bond donates electrons?
Ionic
What type of bond shares electrons?
Covalent
What compound/molecule is abundant in acidic substances?
H+
What compound/molecule is abundant in basic substances?
OH-
What are the 4 types of biological macromolecules?
Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates
What’s the monomer of proteins?
Amino acids
What’s the monomer of lipids?
Glycerol and a fatty acid
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
What’s the monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
Are lipids polar?
No
How many elements can carbon bind with?
4
What elements are present in carbohydrates?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
In building a disaccharide, what reaction do we use?
Dehydration synthesis
What elements are present in a lipid?
Carbon and hydrogen
Why are phospholipids unique and important in structure?
They have a polar sides and a non-polar side
What are the two types of cholesterol and which of the two is bad?
HDL and LDL. LDL is bad.
What elements make up a protein?
C, H, O, N
Of the four macromolecules, which has the most variety of product?
Proteins
Proteins are ______
Specific
What are the four levels of structure of a protein?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
When a protein is ruined and doesn’t work anymore, we say it’s ______
Denatured
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What are the three components of the monomer of nucleic acids?
Sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
Why is adenosine triphosphate important in the body?
It’s energy currency
Why are concentration gradients important?
Neurons need them for action potentials
If a cell is in a hypotonic solution, what happens to it physically?
It gets bigger
If a cell is in a hypertonic solution, what happens to it physically?
It shrinks
In epithelial tissues, how do we categorize them?
By shape and layer
Where might we find stratified squamous epithelial tissue?
In the epidermis
List five categories of connective tissues
Loose, dense, blood, bone, and cartilage
What tissue type is contractile?
Muscle
What type of tissue conducts electricity?
Nervous tissue
What tissue type is fluid?
Blood
What are the two primary components of the integumentary system?
The skin and the accessory structures
What are the layers of the epidermis?
Corneum, lucedum, granulum, spinosum basele
What is the acronym to remember the layers of the epidermis?
Come, lets get sun burnt
What is the protein that fills the cells of the epidermis?
Keratin
What are the two types of perspiration?
Insensible and sensible
What is the upper layer of the dermis? What is it composed of?
The papillary layer, and it’s mostly composed of irregular dense connective tissue
What are the two layers of the dermis?
The papillary and reticular layers
What is the Lowry layer of the dermis? What is it composed of?
The reticular dermis, and it’s mostly composed of irregular dense connective tissue
How can we control the body temperature through joint efforts of the circulatory system and the integument?
The circulatory brings the blood more superficial when we’re hot
Does the epidermis have blood vessels?
No
What are the two types of sweat glands and what do they produce?
Apocrine glands produce a sticky secretion, merocrine produce a salty and watery thing
When an injury is healing, what are the four steps?
Blood clotting, scab formation, tissue formation, and remodeling
What are the three types of cartilage? Which is most abundant?
Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline is most abundant
Where is elastic cartilage mostly found?
In the ear and epiglottis
What are the two areas of the skeleton?
Axial and appendicular
What are the four types of bones?
Long, short, irregular, and flat
What’s an example of a flat bone?
The sternum
What’s an example of an irregular bone?
The bones in the ear
What is a lacuna?
A space for osteocytes
What is an osteocyte?
A bone cell maintainer
Where could you find an osteon?
In compact bone
Where would you find spongy bone?
In the epiphysis and filling the bladder bones
Where would you find compact bone?
On the outside of bones
Where in the cartilage model does primary ossification begin? When?
At three months gestation and in the diaphysis
What four cell types are primarily involved in ossification?
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and condroclasts
What is intramembranous ossification?
When soft tissue turns to bone
What is ossification?
When cartilage turns to bone
What do osteoblasts do?
They build bone
What do osteoclasts do?
They break down bone
What do osteocytes do?
They maintain bone
What is hematopoiesis? Where does it occur?
The process of making blood cells in the red bone marrow
How does bone resorption work?
Osteoclasts break down bone and it goes into the bloodstream
Why would bone absorption occur?
To give your body minerals
What are fibrous/ syntharotic joints? Give an example
They’re not movable, and are found in the skull
What are cartilaginous/amphairthrotic joints? Give an example
They’re slightly movable, and are found in the pubic sympathies
What are synovial/diarthrotic joints? Give an example
They’re freely movable joints. Found in the hip and elbow.
What is a bursa? How is it different from a tendon sheath?
The bursa protects joints, the tendon sheath protects tendons
What is the origin of movement around a joint?
The place the moving bone/ insertion is attached.
What is a myofiber?
A muscle cell
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
The ER of a muscle cell that holds calcium
What is the sarcoplasm?
The cytoplasm of a muscle cell
What is the sarcolemma?
The cell membrane of a muscle cell
What is a sarcomere?
The smallest contractile unit
How does the characteristic of elasticity relate to muscles?
It allows your muscles to snap back to their original positions
What are the functions of the muscular system?
Digestion, movement, stability, heat, posture, and vision
What type(s) of muscle have more than one nucleus?
Skeletal
What type(s) of muscle are striated?
Skeletal and cardiac
What type(s) of muscle aren’t striated?
Smooth muscle
What systems work together to make a muscle function?
Cardiovascular, excretory, nervous, and digestive
Why is blood supply important to a muscle?
So lactic acid doesn’t build up
What is the epimysium?
The outermost connective tissue layer of a muscle cell
What is the perimysium?
It surrounds the fascicles of the muscle cell
What are fascicles?
Bundles of myofibrils in muscle cells
What band of the muscle shortens during contraction?
The I band
What binds with calcium in a muscle contraction?
Troponin
What connective tissue surrounds the outside of the muscle?
The epimysium
What connective tissue surrounds each fascicle?
Perimysium
What happens during a muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine reaches the NMJ and binds with receptors, which sends the action potential down the t-tubules. This opens the voltage gated potentials, which release calcium. Calcium binds with troponin and exposes the actin binding site, and the crossbridge cycle occurs.
What area defines where the neuron meets the muscle?
NMJ
What chemical communicates between a motor neuron and a muscle?
Acetylcholine
What’s an isometric contraction?
When the muscle doesn’t shorten because the load is greater than the force
What’s an isotonic contraction?
The muscle shortens because the force is greater than the load
What is a motor unit?
A motor neuron and all its fibers it innervates
What is a muscle twitch?
One short contractive event
What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
CNS and PNS
What are the two divisions of the PNS?
Afferent and efferent
What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Afferent and efferent
How is the efferent division further divided?
Somatic and autonomic
How is the autonomic nervous system further divided?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
What are the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
Sympathetic causes flight or flight, parasympathetic controls digestion and calms you down
What are the two different cell types in the nervous system?
Neuron and neuroglia
What common organelle does a neuron not have?
Centrioles
What are the three types of neurons?
Unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar
What are the characteristics of unipolar neurons?
They’re usually sensory neurons
What are the characteristics of bipolar neurons?
They have one dendrite and one axon, and are found in the special sensory areas
What are the characteristics of multipolar neurons?
They have many dendrites, one axon, and make up most motor neurons and neurons in the CNS
What neuroglia cells are in the CNS?
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
What do astrocytes do?
They protect the CNS from toxins and help with growth
What do oligodendrocytes do?
They mylinate cells in the CNS
What do microglia do?
They control immune responses in the CNS
What do ependymal cells do?
They make and circulate CSF throughout the CNS
What neuroglia cells are in the PNS? What do they do?
Schwann cells myelinate, satellite cells protect cell bodies
What is an electrochemical gradient?
The electrical potential generated by the gradient of specific ions on either side of a membrane
What are the three types of gated channels in the nervous system?
Mechanical, chemical, and voltage gated channels
How is a graded potential different from an action potential?
Graded potentials aren’t all or none, and they can be positive or negative; action potentials are all or none
What resets the balance of ions across the membrane after an action potential?
The sodium potassium pump
When sodium crosses the membrane, is the membrane depolarized or hyperpolarized?
Depolarizer
When sodium crosses the membrane, is the membrane depolarized or hyperpolarized?
Hyperpolarized
What is the relationship between axon diameter and the speed of transmission?
The larger the axon, the faster
Define continuous propagation
An unmyelinated neuron when there’s lots of depolarization events (slow transmission)
Define saltatory propagation
A myelinated neuron when there’s depolarization at the Nodes of Ranvier, which means fewer depolarization events and faster transmission
What does a noiceceptor do?
It detects pain
What does it mean if a nerve is mixed?
It means it has both afferent and efferent
What is the acronym to remember the cranial nerves?
On occasion, our trusted truck acts funny. Very good vehicle any how.
Are spinal nerves mixed?
Yes
What is the name of the spinal nerve that leaves under the L4 vertebra?
L4
What are the 5 steps of a reflex?
Sensory reception, afferent neuron transition, interneurons communication, efferent neuron transmission, effection
Is the brain involved in a reflex arc?
Nope
Ipsilateral vs contralateral reflexes
Ipsilateral doesn’t cross the spinal cord
Where does parasympathetic innervation leave the CNS?
Cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerves
Where does sympathetic innervation leave the CNS?
Thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
What organ senses sound?
Cochlea
What organ senses static equilibrium?
Vestibule
What organ senses dynamic equilibrium?
Semicircular canals
Where is the olfactory epithelium?
Superior nasal cavity
What cranial nerve contains vestibular and cochlear neurons?
Cranial nerve VIII (vestibularcochlear nerve)
What cranial nerve contains olfactory neurons?
Cranial nerve I, olfactory nerve
Where are taste buds located?
On the sides of the papillae on the tongue
