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High School Anatomy > Midterm Review-- What I Don't Know > Flashcards

Midterm Review-- What I Don't Know Flashcards

1
Q

What plane divides the body into two symmetrical sides?

A

Midsaggital plane

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2
Q

What plane divides he body into a top and bottom portion?

A

Transverse plane

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3
Q

What plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

A

Coronal plane

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4
Q

The knee is _______ to the ankle

A

The knee is approximal to the ankle

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5
Q

The wrist is ______ to the elbow

A

The wrist is distal to the elbow

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6
Q

The eyes are ________ to the nose

A

The eyes are lateral to the nose

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7
Q

The chin is ______ to the mouth

A

The chin is inferior to the mouth

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8
Q

The epidermis is ______ to the dermis

A

The epidermis is superficial to the dermis

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9
Q

The belly button is in the ______ region of the abdomen

A

The belly button is in the umbilical region of the abdomen

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10
Q

The ventral body cavity is composed of what?

A

The thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities

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11
Q

The dorsal body cavity is composed of what?

A

The cranial cavity and spinal column

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12
Q

What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?

A

Molecules can be made up of only one substance/ element

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13
Q

What is it called when we consider the shape of a chemical?

A

Stereochemistry

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14
Q

Making bonds _______ energy, breaking bonds _______ energy

A

Making bonds stores energy, breaking bonds releases energy

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15
Q

Ionic bonds _______ electrons while covalent bonds _____ electrons

A

Ionic bonds donate electrons, while covalent bonds share electrons

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16
Q

Water is what? What does this mean?

A

Polar, which means that it has a charge across it

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17
Q

Water doesn’t interact with what?

A

Water doesn’t interact with no polar molecules (like fats and oils)

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18
Q

What type of reaction consumes energy?

A

Endergonic reaction

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19
Q

What type of reaction gives off energy?

A

Exergonic reaction

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20
Q

What type of bond donates electrons?

A

Ionic

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21
Q

What type of bond shares electrons?

A

Covalent

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22
Q

What compound/molecule is abundant in acidic substances?

A

H+

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23
Q

What compound/molecule is abundant in basic substances?

A

OH-

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24
Q

What are the 4 types of biological macromolecules?

A

Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates

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25
Q

What’s the monomer of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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26
Q

What’s the monomer of lipids?

A

Glycerol and a fatty acid

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27
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

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28
Q

What’s the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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29
Q

Are lipids polar?

A

No

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30
Q

How many elements can carbon bind with?

A

4

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31
Q

What elements are present in carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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32
Q

In building a disaccharide, what reaction do we use?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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33
Q

What elements are present in a lipid?

A

Carbon and hydrogen

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34
Q

Why are phospholipids unique and important in structure?

A

They have a polar sides and a non-polar side

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35
Q

What are the two types of cholesterol and which of the two is bad?

A

HDL and LDL. LDL is bad.

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36
Q

What elements make up a protein?

A

C, H, O, N

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37
Q

Of the four macromolecules, which has the most variety of product?

A

Proteins

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38
Q

Proteins are ______

A

Specific

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39
Q

What are the four levels of structure of a protein?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

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40
Q

When a protein is ruined and doesn’t work anymore, we say it’s ______

A

Denatured

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41
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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42
Q

What are the three components of the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

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43
Q

Why is adenosine triphosphate important in the body?

A

It’s energy currency

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44
Q

Why are concentration gradients important?

A

Neurons need them for action potentials

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45
Q

If a cell is in a hypotonic solution, what happens to it physically?

A

It gets bigger

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46
Q

If a cell is in a hypertonic solution, what happens to it physically?

A

It shrinks

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47
Q

In epithelial tissues, how do we categorize them?

A

By shape and layer

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48
Q

Where might we find stratified squamous epithelial tissue?

A

In the epidermis

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49
Q

List five categories of connective tissues

A

Loose, dense, blood, bone, and cartilage

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50
Q

What tissue type is contractile?

A

Muscle

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51
Q

What type of tissue conducts electricity?

A

Nervous tissue

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52
Q

What tissue type is fluid?

A

Blood

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53
Q

What are the two primary components of the integumentary system?

A

The skin and the accessory structures

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54
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

Corneum, lucedum, granulum, spinosum basele

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55
Q

What is the acronym to remember the layers of the epidermis?

A

Come, lets get sun burnt

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56
Q

What is the protein that fills the cells of the epidermis?

A

Keratin

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57
Q

What are the two types of perspiration?

A

Insensible and sensible

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58
Q

What is the upper layer of the dermis? What is it composed of?

A

The papillary layer, and it’s mostly composed of irregular dense connective tissue

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59
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

The papillary and reticular layers

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60
Q

What is the Lowry layer of the dermis? What is it composed of?

A

The reticular dermis, and it’s mostly composed of irregular dense connective tissue

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61
Q

How can we control the body temperature through joint efforts of the circulatory system and the integument?

A

The circulatory brings the blood more superficial when we’re hot

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62
Q

Does the epidermis have blood vessels?

A

No

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63
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands and what do they produce?

A

Apocrine glands produce a sticky secretion, merocrine produce a salty and watery thing

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64
Q

When an injury is healing, what are the four steps?

A

Blood clotting, scab formation, tissue formation, and remodeling

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65
Q

What are the three types of cartilage? Which is most abundant?

A

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline is most abundant

66
Q

Where is elastic cartilage mostly found?

A

In the ear and epiglottis

67
Q

What are the two areas of the skeleton?

A

Axial and appendicular

68
Q

What are the four types of bones?

A

Long, short, irregular, and flat

69
Q

What’s an example of a flat bone?

A

The sternum

70
Q

What’s an example of an irregular bone?

A

The bones in the ear

71
Q

What is a lacuna?

A

A space for osteocytes

72
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

A bone cell maintainer

73
Q

Where could you find an osteon?

A

In compact bone

74
Q

Where would you find spongy bone?

A

In the epiphysis and filling the bladder bones

75
Q

Where would you find compact bone?

A

On the outside of bones

76
Q

Where in the cartilage model does primary ossification begin? When?

A

At three months gestation and in the diaphysis

77
Q

What four cell types are primarily involved in ossification?

A

Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and condroclasts

78
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

When soft tissue turns to bone

79
Q

What is ossification?

A

When cartilage turns to bone

80
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

They build bone

81
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

They break down bone

82
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

They maintain bone

83
Q

What is hematopoiesis? Where does it occur?

A

The process of making blood cells in the red bone marrow

84
Q

How does bone resorption work?

A

Osteoclasts break down bone and it goes into the bloodstream

85
Q

Why would bone absorption occur?

A

To give your body minerals

86
Q

What are fibrous/ syntharotic joints? Give an example

A

They’re not movable, and are found in the skull

87
Q

What are cartilaginous/amphairthrotic joints? Give an example

A

They’re slightly movable, and are found in the pubic sympathies

88
Q

What are synovial/diarthrotic joints? Give an example

A

They’re freely movable joints. Found in the hip and elbow.

89
Q

What is a bursa? How is it different from a tendon sheath?

A

The bursa protects joints, the tendon sheath protects tendons

90
Q

What is the origin of movement around a joint?

A

The place the moving bone/ insertion is attached.

91
Q

What is a myofiber?

A

A muscle cell

92
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

The ER of a muscle cell that holds calcium

93
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell

94
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

The cell membrane of a muscle cell

95
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The smallest contractile unit

96
Q

How does the characteristic of elasticity relate to muscles?

A

It allows your muscles to snap back to their original positions

97
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system?

A

Digestion, movement, stability, heat, posture, and vision

98
Q

What type(s) of muscle have more than one nucleus?

A

Skeletal

99
Q

What type(s) of muscle are striated?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

100
Q

What type(s) of muscle aren’t striated?

A

Smooth muscle

101
Q

What systems work together to make a muscle function?

A

Cardiovascular, excretory, nervous, and digestive

102
Q

Why is blood supply important to a muscle?

A

So lactic acid doesn’t build up

103
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

The outermost connective tissue layer of a muscle cell

104
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

It surrounds the fascicles of the muscle cell

105
Q

What are fascicles?

A

Bundles of myofibrils in muscle cells

106
Q

What band of the muscle shortens during contraction?

A

The I band

107
Q

What binds with calcium in a muscle contraction?

A

Troponin

108
Q

What connective tissue surrounds the outside of the muscle?

A

The epimysium

109
Q

What connective tissue surrounds each fascicle?

A

Perimysium

110
Q

What happens during a muscle contraction?

A

Acetylcholine reaches the NMJ and binds with receptors, which sends the action potential down the t-tubules. This opens the voltage gated potentials, which release calcium. Calcium binds with troponin and exposes the actin binding site, and the crossbridge cycle occurs.

111
Q

What area defines where the neuron meets the muscle?

A

NMJ

112
Q

What chemical communicates between a motor neuron and a muscle?

A

Acetylcholine

113
Q

What’s an isometric contraction?

A

When the muscle doesn’t shorten because the load is greater than the force

114
Q

What’s an isotonic contraction?

A

The muscle shortens because the force is greater than the load

115
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor neuron and all its fibers it innervates

116
Q

What is a muscle twitch?

A

One short contractive event

117
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

118
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

Afferent and efferent

119
Q

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Afferent and efferent

120
Q

How is the efferent division further divided?

A

Somatic and autonomic

121
Q

How is the autonomic nervous system further divided?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

122
Q

What are the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

A

Sympathetic causes flight or flight, parasympathetic controls digestion and calms you down

123
Q

What are the two different cell types in the nervous system?

A

Neuron and neuroglia

124
Q

What common organelle does a neuron not have?

A

Centrioles

125
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar

126
Q

What are the characteristics of unipolar neurons?

A

They’re usually sensory neurons

127
Q

What are the characteristics of bipolar neurons?

A

They have one dendrite and one axon, and are found in the special sensory areas

128
Q

What are the characteristics of multipolar neurons?

A

They have many dendrites, one axon, and make up most motor neurons and neurons in the CNS

129
Q

What neuroglia cells are in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

130
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

They protect the CNS from toxins and help with growth

131
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

They mylinate cells in the CNS

132
Q

What do microglia do?

A

They control immune responses in the CNS

133
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

They make and circulate CSF throughout the CNS

134
Q

What neuroglia cells are in the PNS? What do they do?

A

Schwann cells myelinate, satellite cells protect cell bodies

135
Q

What is an electrochemical gradient?

A

The electrical potential generated by the gradient of specific ions on either side of a membrane

136
Q

What are the three types of gated channels in the nervous system?

A

Mechanical, chemical, and voltage gated channels

137
Q

How is a graded potential different from an action potential?

A

Graded potentials aren’t all or none, and they can be positive or negative; action potentials are all or none

138
Q

What resets the balance of ions across the membrane after an action potential?

A

The sodium potassium pump

139
Q

When sodium crosses the membrane, is the membrane depolarized or hyperpolarized?

A

Depolarizer

140
Q

When sodium crosses the membrane, is the membrane depolarized or hyperpolarized?

A

Hyperpolarized

141
Q

What is the relationship between axon diameter and the speed of transmission?

A

The larger the axon, the faster

142
Q

Define continuous propagation

A

An unmyelinated neuron when there’s lots of depolarization events (slow transmission)

143
Q

Define saltatory propagation

A

A myelinated neuron when there’s depolarization at the Nodes of Ranvier, which means fewer depolarization events and faster transmission

144
Q

What does a noiceceptor do?

A

It detects pain

145
Q

What does it mean if a nerve is mixed?

A

It means it has both afferent and efferent

146
Q

What is the acronym to remember the cranial nerves?

A

On occasion, our trusted truck acts funny. Very good vehicle any how.

147
Q

Are spinal nerves mixed?

A

Yes

148
Q

What is the name of the spinal nerve that leaves under the L4 vertebra?

A

L4

149
Q

What are the 5 steps of a reflex?

A

Sensory reception, afferent neuron transition, interneurons communication, efferent neuron transmission, effection

150
Q

Is the brain involved in a reflex arc?

A

Nope

151
Q

Ipsilateral vs contralateral reflexes

A

Ipsilateral doesn’t cross the spinal cord

152
Q

Where does parasympathetic innervation leave the CNS?

A

Cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerves

153
Q

Where does sympathetic innervation leave the CNS?

A

Thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

154
Q

What organ senses sound?

A

Cochlea

155
Q

What organ senses static equilibrium?

A

Vestibule

156
Q

What organ senses dynamic equilibrium?

A

Semicircular canals

157
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium?

A

Superior nasal cavity

158
Q

What cranial nerve contains vestibular and cochlear neurons?

A

Cranial nerve VIII (vestibularcochlear nerve)

159
Q

What cranial nerve contains olfactory neurons?

A

Cranial nerve I, olfactory nerve

160
Q

Where are taste buds located?

A

On the sides of the papillae on the tongue

High School Anatomy (36 decks)

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