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High School Anatomy > PNS > Flashcards

PNS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of stimuli receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and nocireceptors

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2
Q

What are the 3 different locations of sensory receptors?

A

Exteroreceptors, interoreceptors, and proprioreceptors

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3
Q

What are nerves classified by?

A

The direction of transmission

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4
Q

What are the three types of nerves?

A

Mixed nerves, afferent nerves, and efferent nerves

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5
Q

What is the most common type of nerve?

A

Mixed

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6
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Ganglia are neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

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7
Q

What are the three connective tissue layers?

A

Epineuranium, perineurium, and *****

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8
Q

What is the epineurium?

A

The outermost connective tissue layer

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9
Q

What is the perineurium?

A

The middle connective tissue layer that divides nerves into fascicles/ axon bundles

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10
Q

What are the 12 types of cranial nerves?

A

Olfactory, optic, ocularmotor, troclear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibular cochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal

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11
Q

What is the acronym to remember the cranial nerves?

A

On occasion, our trusted truck acts funny; very good vehicle any how.

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12
Q

What are the sensory cranial nerves?

A

Olfactory, optic, and vestibular cochlear

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13
Q

What are spinal nerves named for?

A

Where they leave the vertebral column

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14
Q

What are the mixed cranial nerves?

A

Facial, glossophyingeal, vagus, and trigeminal

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15
Q

What are the motor cranial nerves?

A

Ocularmotor, troclear, abducens, accessory, and hypoglossal

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16
Q

What are the 5 categories of spinal nerves?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

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17
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there and where are they?

A

8 cervical (C1-C8)

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18
Q

How many thoracic spinal nerves are there and where are they?

A

12 thoracic (T1-T12)

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19
Q

How many lumbar spinal nerves are there and where are they?

A

5 lumbar (L1-L5)

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20
Q

How many sacral spinal nerves are there and where are they?

A

5 sacral (S1-S5)

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21
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there and where are they?

A

1 coccygeal (CO1)

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22
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

The wiring of a single reflex: sensory, association, and motor neurons

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23
Q

Where does the reflex arc begin and end?

A

It begins at the receptor and ends at the affector

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24
Q

What does the reflex arc generally oppose?

A

The reflex arc generally opposes the original stimulus (negative feedback)

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25
Q

What type of reflexes have the least delay? Why?

A

Monosynaptic reflexes have the least delay between sensory input and motor output

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26
Q

Give an example of a monosynaptic reflex

A

A stretch reflex

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27
Q

What do interneurons control in polysynaptic reflexes?

A

Interneurons each control more than one muscle group

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28
Q

What type of reflex arcs occur on the same side of the body?

A

Ipsilateral reflex arcs

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29
Q

What types of reflexes are ipsilateral reflexes?

A

Stretch, tendon, and withdrawal reflexes

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30
Q

What are crossed extensor reflexes?

A

Reflexes that involved a contralateral reflex arc

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31
Q

What type of reflexes involve a contralateral reflex arc?

A

Crossed extensor reflexes

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32
Q

What type of reflexes occur on the side opposite of the stimulus?

A

Crossed extensor reflexes

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33
Q

What are ipsilateral reflex arcs?

A

Reflex arcs that occur on the same side of the body as the stimulus

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34
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

The receptors in stretch reflexes

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35
Q

Give an example of a unique receptor

A

Muscle spindles

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36
Q

What are the receptors in stretch reflexes called?

A

Muscle spindles

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37
Q

What is a postural reflex?

A

A stretch reflex

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38
Q

What do postural reflexes help you do?

A

They help you maintain normal upright posture

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39
Q

What do stretched muscles respond by doing?

A

Stretched muscle responds by contracting

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40
Q

What does the contracting of stretched muscle help you do?

A

Stretched muscles respond to stimulus by contracting, which automatically helps you maintain balance

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41
Q

How many paravertebral ganglia are in the sympathetic trunk (chain)?

A

There are 23 paravertebral vertebrae in the chain

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42
Q

How many cervical paravertebral vertebrae are there in the sympathetic trunk?

A

3 cervical paravertebral

43
Q

How many thoracic paravertebral vertebrae are there in the sympathetic trunk?

A

11 thoracic paravertebral

44
Q

How many lumbar paravertebral vertebrae are there in the sympathetic trunk?

A

4 lumbar paravertebral

45
Q

How many sacral paravertebral vertebrae are there in the sympathetic trunk?

A

4 sacral vertebrae

46
Q

How many coccygeal paravertebral vertebrae are there in the sympathetic trunk?

A

1 coccygeal

47
Q

How many types of paravertebral ganglia are there in the sympathetic trunk? What are they?

A

5 types; cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

48
Q

How many of each type of paravertebral ganglia are there?

A

3 cervical, 11 thoracic, 4 lumbar, 4 sacral, and 1 coccygeal

49
Q

How many layers make up the eye?

A

3

50
Q

What are the three layers of the eye?

A

The fibrous, vascular, and nervous tunics

51
Q

What is the outermost layer of the eye?

A

The fibrous tunic

52
Q

What makes up the fibrous tunic?

A

The sclera and the cornea

53
Q

What makes up 5/6 of the fibrous tunic?

A

The sclera

54
Q

Describe the sclera

A

It’s firm, white, and it’s the outermost connective tissue layer

55
Q

What maintains the shape of the eye?

A

The sclera

56
Q

What makes up 1/6 of the fibrous tunic?

A

The cornea

57
Q

Describe the cornea

A

It’s the transparent anterior of the fibrous tunic

58
Q

What does the cornea do?

A

It allows light to enter the eye

59
Q

What are the two parts of the vascular tunic of the eye?

A

The choroid and the ciliary body

60
Q

What are three other things that are part of the middle layer of the eye, but aren’t part of the vascular tunic?

A

The iris, the lens, and the pupil

61
Q

What is the vascular tunic? What does it contain?

A

The vascular tunic is the middle layer of the eye that contains the blood supply

62
Q

What layer contains the eye’s blood supply?

A

The vascular tunic/ middle layer

63
Q

Where is the choroid located? What’s it associated with?

A

It’s the posterior part of the vascular tunic that’s associated with the sclera

64
Q

What makes up the choroid?

A

It’s a vascular network that contains cells with melanin, and it’s black

65
Q

What does the ciliary body contain?

A

It contains smooth muscles that attach to the lens

66
Q

Where is the ciliary body located?

A

It’s the anterior part of the vascular tunic

67
Q

What is the iris, and where is it located?

A

It’s the colored part of the eye, and it’s anterior to the lens

68
Q

What makes up the iris?

A

The iris is made up of smooth muscle, and it’s contractile

69
Q

Describe the lens

A

It’s a flexible and bicovex transparent disc

70
Q

What is the pupil/ what does it do?

A

It’s the opening in the iris that lets in light

71
Q

What is the nervous tunic?

A

It’s the retina, and the innermost layer

72
Q

What is the innermost layer of the eye?

A

The nervous tunic/ retina

73
Q

What are the parts of the retina?

A

The rods, cones, and optic nerve

74
Q

Describe the rods

A

They’re more common than cones, and they have no color but they help you see in dim light

75
Q

Describe the cones

A

They require more light than the rods to be activated, but they help you see color

76
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

The place in the retina where the nerves in the eye converge posteriorly

77
Q

Where is the external/outer ear

A

It extends from the outside of the head to the eardrum

78
Q

What are the parts of the middle ear?

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes

79
Q

Describe the auricle

A

It’s fleshy and external

80
Q

What does the auricle do?

A

It focuses sound waves into the external auditory meatus

81
Q

What is the external auditory meatus

A

It’s a passageway that leads to the eardrum

82
Q

What is the external auditory meatus lined with?

A

It’s lined with hairs and glands that produce cerumen (earwax)

83
Q

What is earwax called?

A

Cerumen

84
Q

What are the parts of the external ear?

A

The auricle, the external auditory meatus, and the tympanic membrane

85
Q

What is does the tympanic membrane do?

A

It vibrates with sound waves / eardrum

86
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

It’s a thin layer of connective tissue sandwiched by epithelial tissues

87
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

An air-filled chamber

88
Q

What is the malleus?

A

The hammer

89
Q

What is the malleus attached to?

A

It’s attached to the tympanic membrane

90
Q

What do the small muscles attached to the malleus do?

A

They dampen sound noises to protect the ear (tensor tympani)

91
Q

What are the two transition parts of the rear?

A

The oval window and the auditory tube/ eustacian

92
Q

What is the incus?

A

The anvil

93
Q

What does the incus do?

A

It connects the malleus to the stapes

94
Q

What is the stapes? Where is it located?

A

It’s shaped like a stirrup and it’s seated against the oval window

95
Q

What does the stapes have that the malleus also has?

A

The stapes has a dampening muscle like the malleus (stapedius)

96
Q

Describe the oval window

A

It’s 20 times smaller than the eardrum and sound amplifies by 20

97
Q

What does the eustacian/auditory tube do?

A

It opens into the pharynx and allows the equalization of air pressure in the middle ear

98
Q

What does the inner ear do?

A

It helps with hearing and balance

99
Q

What are the three parts of the inner ear?

A

The cochlea, the vestibule, and the semicircular canal

100
Q

What does the cochlea do and what is it shaped like?

A

The cochlea is involved in hearing and it’s shaped like a snail’s shell

101
Q

What are the two chambers of the vestibule?

A

The urtricle and the saccule

102
Q

What is imbedded in the vestibule?

A

Hair calls are embedded in a gelatinous mass that shifts with gravity

103
Q

What does the semicircular canal do?

A

It maintains kinetic equilibrium

104
Q

What is embedded in the semicircular canal?

A

Hair cells are embedded in the cupola of the semicircular canal

High School Anatomy (36 decks)

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