Semester Vocabulary Exam Flashcards
1
Q
American Petroleum pioneer who drilled the first commercial oil well in the US, drawing oil prospectors to the West.
A
Edwin L. Drake
2
Q
Irish-American labor organizer who helped organize coal miners in the Great Strike of 1877 and led a march of injured child workers to expose the cruelties of child labor.
A
Mary Harris Jones
3
Q
Leader of the American Railway Union and supporter of the Pullman Strike; he was the Socialist Party candidate for president five times.
A
Eugene V. Debs
4
Q
A cheap and effective process for making steel, developed around 1850.
A
Bessemer process
5
Q
American inventor with over 1,000 patents, who invented the light bulb and established a power plant that supplied electricity to parts of New York.
A
Thomas Alva Edison
6
Q
African-American inventor who invented the carbon filament and played a key role in helping Thomas Edison develop a long-lasting incandescent light bulb.
A
Lewis H. Latimer
7
Q
American inventor and newspaper editor who invented the typewriter in 1867, changing the world of work.
A
Christopher Sholes
8
Q
American inventor and educator whose interest in electrical and mechanical devices to aid the hearing impaired led to the development and patenting of the telephone.
A
Alexander Graham Bell
9
Q
American industrialist and owner of the Pullman Palace Car Company; he invented the railroad sleeping car, started a factory to build them, and founded the town of Pullman, Illinois, to house the workers.
A
George M. Pullman
10
Q
A railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, completed in 1869.
A
Transcontinental Railroad
11
Q
American business leader who controlled the New York Central Railroad and up to 4,500 miles of railroad track.
A
Cornelius Vanderbilt
12
Q
A construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad, used to fraudulently skim off railroad profits for themselves.
A
Credit Mobilier
13
Q
An 1877 case in which the Supreme Court upheld states’ regulation of railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers, thus establishing the right of the government to regulate private industry to serve the public interest.
A
Munn vs. Illinois
14
Q
A law enacted in 1887 that reestablished the federal government’s right to supervise railroad activities and created a five-member Interstate Commerce Commission to do so.
A
Interstate Commerce Act
15
Q
American industrialist and humanitarian who focused his attention on steelmaking and made a fortune through his vertical integration method.
A
Andrew Carnegie
16
Q
In French, meaning ‘to let do,’ a form of capitalism that allows companies to conduct business without intervention by the government.
A
Laissez-faire
17
Q
An economic and social philosophy, supposedly based on biologist Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection, holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest.
A
Social Darwinism
18
Q
A company’s taking over its suppliers and transportation to gain control over the availability and cost of its product.
A
Vertical integration
19
Q
The merging of companies that make similar products.
A
Horizontal integration
20
Q
American banker who made a fortune taking over and merging businesses built by others, building a reputation for turning around mismanaged companies and making them more efficient.
A
J.P. Morgan
21
Q
American industrialist and philanthropist who made a fortune in the oil business and used vertical and horizontal integration to establish a monopoly on the oil business.
A
John D. Rockefeller
22
Q
A business organization in which competing companies are under the control of a single group of trustees.
A
Trust
23
Q
Having complete control in the marketplace without any outside competition.
A
Monopoly
24
Q
A law enacted in 1890 that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.
A
Sherman Antitrust Act
25
American labor leader who helped found the American Federation of Labor to campaign for workers' rights.
Samuel Gompers
26
Negotiation between employers and an organized group of employees on conditions of employment such as wages or hours.
Collective bargaining
27
An alliance of trade and craft unions formed in 1886
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
28
A labor organization for unskilled workers formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
29
Question. Who was the novelist whose 1906 book "The Jungle" depicted the unsanitary conditions at a meat packaging plant? Public outcry from the book led to consumer protection laws.
Answer. Upton Sinclair
30
Question. This was a novel by Upton Sinclair, published in 1906, that portrays the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meatpacking industry at the time.
Answer. "The Jungle"
31
Question. He was the 26th president of the US. He focused his efforts on trust-busting, environmental conservation, and strong foreign policy. Who is he?
Answer. Theodore Roosevelt
32
Question. President Theodore Roosevelt's program of progressive reforms designed to protect the common people against big business was called what?
Answer. The Square Deal
33
Question. This law, enacted in 1906, established strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers and created a federal meat inspection program. What act is it?
Answer. The Meat Inspection Act
34
Question. A law enacted in 1906 to halt the sale of contaminated foods and drugs and to ensure truth in labeling?
Answer. The Pure Food and Drug Act
35
Question. The planned management of natural resources involving the protection of some wilderness areas and the development of others for the common good is called?
Answer. Conservation
36
Question. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, an organization founded in 1909 to promote full racial equality, is known by what acronym?
Answer. NAACP
37
Question. Conservationist who was chief of the Forest Service; under his leadership, millions of acres of conservation land were added as National Forests, Monuments, and Parks.
Answer. Gifford Pinchot
38
Question. 27th president of the US; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff?
Answer. William Howard Taft
39
Question. A set of tax regulations enacted by Congress in 1909 that failed to significantly reduce tariffs on manufactured goods?
Answer. The Payne-Aldrich Tariff
40
Question. A name given to the Progressive Party, formed to support Theodore Roosevelt's candidacy for the presidency in 1912?
Answer. The Bull Moose Party
41
Question. The 28th president of the US; he proposed the League of Nations, enacted reform legislation including direct election of senators, prohibition, child labor laws, and women's suffrage, and created the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Trade Commission?
Answer. Woodrow Wilson
42
Question. Women's suffrage leader and activist; as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, she developed a plan for achieving women's suffrage that helped lead to the passage of the 19th Amendment.
Answer. Carrie Chapman Catt
43
Question. A law enacted in 1914 that made certain monopolistic business practices illegal and protected the rights of labor unions and farm organizations?
Answer. Clayton Antitrust Act
44
Question. A federal agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair business practices is known by what acronym?
Answer. Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
45
Question. A national banking system, established in 1913, controls the US money supply and the availability of credit in the country. What is it called?
Answer. Federal Reserve System
46
Question. An amendment to the US Constitution, adopted in 1920, that gives women the right to vote is known as what?
Answer. The 19th Amendment
47
Question: This individual served as the United States Secretary of State under President William McKinley and issued the Open Door Notes to ensure that no single nation would monopolize trade with any part of China.
Answer: John Hay
48
Question: These messages, sent by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan, requested that these countries not interfere with U.S. trading rights in China.
Answer: Open Door Notes
49
Question: In 1900, this rebellion saw members of a Chinese secret society aim to free their country from Western influence.
Answer: Boxer Rebellion
50
Question: This artificial waterway, which cuts through the Isthmus of Panama to provide a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, opened in 1914.
Answer: Panama Canal
51
Question: An extension of the Monroe Doctrine announced by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, this policy stated that the U.S. had the right to protect its economic interests in Western Hemisphere nations by military intervention.
Answer: Roosevelt's Corollary
52
Question: This U.S. policy involves using the nation's economic strength to influence other countries.
Answer: Dollar Diplomacy
53
Question: This Mexican bandit and revolutionary leader led revolts against Carranza and Huerta. Though pursued by the U.S., he managed to evade General Pershing.
Answer: Francisco "Pancho" Villa
54
Question: This Mexican revolutionary led a revolt against Porfirio Díaz in the south of Mexico during the Mexican Revolution.
Answer: Emiliano Zapata
55
Question: This American Army Commander led the expeditionary forces into Mexico in pursuit of Pancho Villa.
Answer: John J. Pershing
56
Question: Queen of the Hawaiian Islands, she opposed U.S. annexation but lost power following a U.S.-supported revolt, leading to the establishment of a new Hawaiian government.
Answer: Queen Liliuokalani
57
Question: This policy involves extending a nation's authority over other territories through economic, political, or military means.
Answer: Imperialism
58
Question: This U.S. Admiral was a strong advocate for the creation of a modern U.S. Navy.
Answer: Alfred T. Mahan
59
Question: This United States Secretary of State, under Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia.
Answer: William Seward
60
Question: Established in Hawaii in 1887, this U.S. naval base served as a refueling station for American ships.
Answer: Pearl Harbor
61
Question: This American sugar magnate played a key role in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani and later became the president and governor of Hawaii.
Answer: Sanford B. Dole
62
Question: A Cuban writer and independence fighter, this individual symbolized Cuba's struggle for freedom.
Answer: José Martí
63
Question: This Spanish general used brutal tactics to suppress the Cuban rebellion, which intensified calls for American intervention in Cuba.
Answer: Valeriano Weyler
64
Question: This term refers to the sensationalized, exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to attract readers.
Answer: Yellow journalism
65
Question: This U.S. warship mysteriously exploded and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba on February 15, 1898.
Answer: USS Maine
66
Question: A commodore in the U.S. Navy, this individual spearheaded the attack in the Pacific during the Spanish-American War.
Answer: George Dewey
67
Question: This revolutionary cavalry regiment, commanded by Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt, served in the Spanish-American War.
Answer: Rough Riders
68
Question: This location marked a significant victory for American infantry during the 1898 conflict in Cuba against Spain.
Answer: San Juan Hill
69
Question: This treaty, which concluded the Spanish-American War, saw Spain freeing Cuba, handing over Guam and Puerto Rico to the U.S., and selling the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million.
Answer: Treaty of Paris
70
Question: Passed by Congress in 1900, this legislation ended U.S. military rule in Puerto Rico and established a civilian government.
Answer: Foraker Act
71
Question: In 1901, this series of provisions was imposed on Cuba's new constitution by the U.S., restricting Cuba's foreign policy and financial decisions, and granting the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and acquire Cuban land.
Answer: Platt Amendment
72
Question: A country whose political, economic, or military policies are controlled or heavily influenced by a stronger nation is known as a:
Answer: Protectorate
73
Question: Self-proclaimed president of the new Philippine Republic in 1899, this leader fought for Filipino independence.
Answer: Emilio Aguinaldo
74
Question: A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation.
Answer: Nationalism
75
Question: The policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war and their use.
Answer: Militarism
76
Question: The group of nations, originally consisting of Great Britain, France, and Russia, and later joined by the US, Italy, and others, that opposed the Central Powers.
Answer: Allies
77
Question: The group of nations led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire that opposed the Allies in World War I.
Answer: Central Powers
78
Question: A system in which each nation or alliance has equal strength.
Answer: Balance of power
79
Question: Archduke and heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary whose assassination by a Serbian nationalist started World War I.
Answer: Archduke Franz Ferdinand
80
Question: Military operations in which the opposing forces attack and counter-attack from systems of fortified ditches rather than on an open battlefield.
Answer: Trench warfare
81
Question: An unoccupied region between opposing armies in trench warfare.
Answer: No man's land
82
Question: British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915.
Answer: Lusitania
83
Question: A promise by Germany in World War I not to sink merchant vessels without warning and without saving human lives.
Answer: Sussex Pledge
84
Question: A message sent in 1917 by the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico proposing a German-Mexican alliance and promising to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if the US entered World War I.
Answer: Zimmermann Telegram
85
Question: American World War I pilot who shot down 26 enemy aircraft and was awarded the Medal of Honor.
Answer: Eddie Rickenbacker
86
Question: A law enacted in 1917 that required men to register for military service.
Answer: Selective Service Act
87
Question: The protection of merchant ships from German U-boat attacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships.
Answer: Convoy system
88
Question: The US forces led by General John J. Pershing who fought with the Allies in Europe during World War I.
Answer: American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)
89
Question: American army commander who was a major general and Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I.
Answer: John J. Pershing
90
Question: American soldier in World War I who earned the Medal of Honor for capturing 132 German soldiers in the Meuse-Argonne area.
Answer: Alvin York
91
Question: A person who refuses, on moral grounds, to participate in warfare.
Answer: Conscientious objector
92
Question: A truce or agreement to end an armed conflict.
Answer: Armistice
93
Question: An agency established during World War I to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war-related industries.
Answer: War Industries Board (WIB)
94
Question: American business leader and head of the War Industries Board during World War I.
Answer: Bernard M. Baruch
95
Question: A kind of biased communication designed to influence people's thoughts and actions.
Answer: Propaganda
96
Question: The nation's first propaganda agency, formed by President Wilson, to influence public opinion to maximize support for the US's involvement in World War I.
Answer: Committee on Public Information
97
Question: Newspaper reporter and political reformer; he was appointed by President Woodrow Wilson to head the Committee on Public Information during World War I.
Answer: George Creel
98
Question: Two laws enacted in 1917 and 1918 that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against US participation in World War I.
Answer: Espionage and Sedition Acts
99
Question: The large-scale movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities in the early 20th century.
Answer: Great Migration
100
Question: The principles making up President Woodrow Wilson's plan for world peace following World War I.
Answer: Fourteen Points
101
Question: The right of peoples to choose their own political status.
Answer: Self-determination
102
Question: An association of nations established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace.
Answer: League of Nations
103
Question: French Premier during World War I; he was a member of the Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference after the war.
Answer: Georges Clemenceau
104
Question: British Prime Minister during World War I; he was a member of the Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.
Answer: David Lloyd George
105
Question: The 1919 peace treaty at the end of World War I which established new nations, borders, and war reparations.
Answer: Treaty of Versailles
106
Question: The compensation paid by a defeated nation for the damage or injury it inflicted during a war.
Answer: Reparations
107
Question: A provision in the Treaty of Versailles by which Germany acknowledged that it alone was responsible for World War I.
Answer: War Guilt Clause
108
Question: US senator and head of the Committee on Foreign Relations; he led the reservationists in opposition to the League of Nations.
Answer: Henry Cabot Lodge
109
American labor leader, president of the United Mine Workers and founder of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). He helped win labor victories through strategies such as the sit-down strike.
Answer: John L. Lewis
110
The system that sets limits on how many immigrants from various countries a nation will admit each year?
Answer: Quota system
111
Italian immigrant anarchist executed for robbery and murder along with Nicola Sacco, generated international attention?
Answer: Bartolomeo Vanzetti
112
A person who opposes all forms of government?
Answer: Anarchist
113
An economic and political system based on one-party government and state ownership of property?
Answer: Communism
114
Opposition to political and economic entanglements with other countries?
Answer: Isolationism
115
Favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people?
Answer: Nativism
116
An unreasoned fear of things or people seen as foreign or strange?
Answer: Xenophobia
117
An arrangement in which a purchaser pays over an extended time without having to put down much money at the time of purchase?
Answer: Installment plan
118
A preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods?
Answer: Consumerism
119
The unplanned and uncontrolled spreading of cities into surrounding regions?
Answer: Urban sprawl
120
The 30th president of the United States; he became president upon the death of Warren G. Harding and was known for his honesty and pro-business politics?
Answer: Calvin Coolidge
121
U.S. Secretary of the Interior in the Harding administration; he was found guilty of bribery for his role in the Teapot Dome scandal?
Answer: Albert B. Fall
122
Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall's secret leasing of oil-rich public land to private companies in return for money and land?
Answer: Teapot Dome scandal
123
A group of close friends and political supporters whom President Warren G. Harding appointed to his cabinet?
Answer: Ohio Gang
124
A set of regulations enacted by Congress in 1922 that raised taxes on imports to record levels in order to protect American businesses against foreign competition?
Answer: Fordney-McCumber Tariff
125
American politician who served as Secretary of State and participated in the Washington Naval Conference?
Answer: Charles Evans Hughes
126
29th president of the U.S.; his policies favored businesses, but his administration was known for scandals?
Answer: Warren G. Harding
127
Italian immigrant anarchist executed for robbery and murder along with Bartolomeo Vanzetti , generated international attention?
Answer: Nicola Sacco
128
What was the period from 1920 to 1933 during which the 18th Amendment forbidding the manufacture and sale of alcohol was enforced in the US?
Answer: Prohibition.
129
What were places where alcoholic drinks were sold and consumed illegally during Prohibition?
Answer: Speakeasies.
130
What term describes a person who smuggled alcoholic beverages into the US during Prohibition?
Answer: Bootlegger.
131
What is the Protestant religious movement grounded in the belief that all the stories and details in the Bible are literally true?
Answer: Fundamentalism.
132
Who was the famous American criminal lawyer who defended John Scopes' right to teach evolution in the Scopes Trial?
Answer: Clarence Darrow.
133
What was the sensational 1925 court case in which biology teacher John T. Scopes was tried for challenging a Tennessee law that outlawed the teaching of evolution?
Answer: The Scopes Trial.
134
What term describes the free-thinking young women who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes of the 1920s?
Answer: Flappers.
135
What term refers to a set of principles granting greater sexual freedom to men than to women?
Answer: Double standard.
136
Who was the aviator who became famous for his solo transatlantic flight in 1927?
Answer: Charles A. Lindbergh
137
What was the 20th-century artistic movement that contended traditional art was outdated and no longer meaningful in the new industrialized urban world?
Answer: Modernism.
138
Who was the American writer, the first American to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, known for his novel "Babbitt" which satirized Americans of the 1920s?
Answer: Sinclair Lewis.
139
Who was the American writer famous for novels and stories such as "The Great Gatsby," capturing the mood of the 1920s and giving the decade the nickname "The Jazz Age"?
Answer: F. Scott Fitzgerald.
140
Who was the American writer known for a simplified style of writing in novels like "The Sun Also Rises" and "A Farewell to Arms," which criticized the glorification of war?
Answer: Ernest Hemingway.
141
What is the organization founded in 1909 to promote full racial equality?
Answer: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
142
Who was the NAACP leader and writer, a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance, known for poetry and the song "Lift Every Voice and Sing"?
Answer: James Weldon Johnson.
143
Who was the African American leader who promoted self-reliance for African Americans and started the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), urging African Americans to take pride in their heritage?
Answer: Marcus Garvey.
144
What was the flowering of African American artistic creativity during the 1920s, centered in the Harlem community of New York City?
Answer: The Harlem Renaissance.
145
Who was the African American writer who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance, expressing the pain of life in black ghettos and urging Americans to resist discrimination?
Answer: Claude McKay.
146
Who was the African American poet who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music, known for his impact on the Harlem Renaissance?
Answer: Langston Hughes.
147
Who was the African American actor and singer who promoted African American rights and left-wing causes?
Answer: Paul Robeson.
148
Who was the leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance, a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians?
Answer: Louis Armstrong.
149
Who was the African American composer and jazz musician, one of the key figures in the Harlem Renaissance, whose orchestra was popular nationwide?
Answer: Duke Ellington.
150
Who was the African American blues singer who played an important part in the Harlem Renaissance?
Answer: Bessie Smith.
151
Self-proclaimed president of the new Philippine Republic in 1899, he fought for Filipino independence.
Emilio Aguinaldo
152
A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.
Protectorate
153
A series of provisions that, in 1901, the U.S. insisted Cuba add to its new constitution, commanding Cuba to stay out of debt and giving the U.S. the right to intervene in the country and the right to buy or lease Cuban land.
Platt Amendment
154
Legislation passed by Congress in 1900 in which the U.S. ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil government.
Foraker Act
155
The treaty ending the Spanish-American War, in which Spain freed Cuba, turned over the islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States, and sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million.
Treaty of Paris (1898)
156
An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1920, that gives women the right to vote.
19th Amendment
157
A national banking system established in 1913 that controls the U.S. money supply and the availability of credit in the country.
Federal Reserve System
158
A federal agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair business practices.
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
159
A law enacted in 1914 that made certain monopolistic business practices illegal and protected the rights of labor unions and farm organizations.
Clayton Antitrust Act
160
Women's suffrage leader and activist; as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, she developed a plan for achieving women's suffrage that helped lead to the passage of the 19th Amendment.
Carrie Chapman Catt
161
28th President of the U.S., he proposed the League of Nations and enacted reform legislation including direct election of senators, prohibition, child labor laws, and women's suffrage, and created the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Trade Commission.
Woodrow Wilson
162
A name given to the Progressive Party formed to support Theodore Roosevelt's candidacy for the presidency in 1912.
Bull Moose Party
163
A set of tax regulations enacted by Congress in 1909 that failed to significantly reduce tariffs on manufactured goods.
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
164
27th President of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff.
William Howard Taft
165
Conservationist who was chief of the Forest Service; under his leadership, millions of acres of land were added as national forests, monuments, and parks.
Gifford Pinchot
166
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, an organization founded in 1909 to promote full racial equality.
NAACP
167
The planned management of national resources, involving the protection of some wilderness areas and the development of others for the common good.
Conservation
168
A law enacted in 1906 to halt the sale of contaminated foods and drugs and to ensure truth in labeling.
Pure Food and Drug Act
169
A law enacted in 1906 that established strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created a federal meat inspection program.
Meat Inspection Act
170
President Theodore Roosevelt's program of progressive reforms designed to protect the common people against big business.
Square Deal
171
26th President of the U.S.; he focused his efforts on trust-busting, environmental conservation, and strong foreign policy.
Theodore Roosevelt
172
A novel by Upton Sinclair, published in 1906, that portrays the dangers and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meatpacking industry at the time.
The Jungle
173
Novelist who wrote 'The Jungle,' depicting unsanitary conditions at a meatpacking plant; public outcry from the book led to consumer protection laws.
Upton Sinclair
174
The National American Woman Suffrage Association, an organization founded in 1890 to gain voting rights for women.
NAWSA
175
American suffrage leader who, along with Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca Falls Convention, the first organized meeting for women's rights in the U.S.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
176
American social reformer active in the temperance, abolitionist, and women's suffrage movements; co-organizer and president of the National Women's Suffrage Association.
Susan B. Anthony
177
The National Association of Colored Women, a social service organization founded in 1896.
NACW
178
A system in which workers are bound in servitude until their debts are paid.
Debt peonage
179
An 1896 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that separation of the races in public accommodations was legal, thus establishing the 'separate but equal' doctrine.
Plessy v. Ferguson
180
Laws enacted by southern states and local governments to separate white and Black people in public and private facilities.
Jim Crow laws
181
The separation of people on the basis of race.
Segregation
181
African American journalist who worked to expose lynching and other acts of racial violence and fought for equal rights for African Americans.
Ida B. Wells
181
A provision that exempts certain people from a law on the basis of previously existing circumstances, especially a clause formerly in the Southern states' constitutions that exempted whites from strict voting requirements but was used to keep African Americans from the polls.
Grandfather clause
181
An annual tax that formerly had to be paid in some southern states by anyone wishing to vote.
Poll tax
182
Founded by W.E.B. Du Bois in 1905 to promote the education of African Americans in the liberal arts.
Niagara Movement
183
African American educator, editor, and writer; he led the Niagara Movement, calling for economic and educational equality for African Americans and helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
W.E.B. Du Bois
184
Founded in 1881 and led by Booker T. Washington to equip African Americans with teaching diplomas and useful skills in the trades and agriculture.
Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute
185
African American educator and civil rights leader; born into slavery, he later became head of the Tuskegee Institute for career training for African Americans.
Booker T. Washington
186
An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1913, that provided for the election of U.S. senators by the people rather than by state legislatures.
17th Amendment
187
A procedure for removing a public official from office by a vote of the people.
Recall
188
A procedure by which a proposed legislative measure can be submitted to a vote of the people.
Referendum
189
A procedure by which a legislative measure can be originated by the people rather than by lawmakers.
Initiative
190
Progressive American politician active in local Wisconsin issues; as governor, he began a reform program called the Wisconsin Idea to make state government more professional.
Robert M. La Follette
191
American business leader who revolutionized factory production through the use of the assembly line and popularized the affordable automobile.
Henry Ford
192
The application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace.
Scientific management
193
One of the magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900s.
Muckraker
194
The banning of the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages.
Prohibition
195
American reformer who worked to improve the lives of women and children; she became general secretary of the National Consumers League in 1899, lobbying for improved factory conditions and child labor laws.
Florence Kelley
196
An early 20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life.
Progressive movement
197
What term is used to describe the right to vote in public, political elections, a central issue in the early 1900s, particularly highlighted by the women's rights movement which fought tirelessly to include women as a part of the electorate, leading to a significant constitutional amendment in 1920?
Suffrage
