Module 7 Ch 3-4 Flashcards
What were the ethnic movements that began in Europe leading to WWI?
Pan-German and Pan-Slavic Movements.
Where did hostilities initially begin in Europe?
In Southeastern Europe, notably between Austria-Hungary and Serbia.
What were Russia’s and Germany’s respective goals pre-WWI?
Russia sought ice-free harbors in the Baltics; Germany wanted a rail connection to the Ottoman Empire.
What were the pre-war alliances in Europe?
- Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy.
- Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, Russia.
What event triggered WWI?
The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist.
Who were the main Allied and Central Powers in WWI?
- Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy (from 1915), and the United States (from 1917).
- Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria.
What was the characteristic of fighting on the Western Front?
Trench warfare, characterized by no-man’s land, barbed wire, and machine gun fire.
Which weapons caused the most deaths in WWI?
Machine guns.
What was the U.S. stance at the start of WWI?
The U.S. initially wanted to remain neutral.
What led to the U.S. entering WWI?
German unrestricted submarine warfare, the Lusitania incident, and the Zimmerman Note.
How did the Russian Revolution affect WWI?
Russia withdrew from the war after the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, came to power.
What were the main aspects of American mobilization for WWI?
The Selective Service Act for drafting soldiers, and the nationalization of industries.
How did WWI impact American society domestically?
It led to the sale of Liberty and Victory Bonds, increased labor union activity, and government rationing of resources.
What were the Espionage and Sedition Acts?
Laws that imposed harsh penalties for anti-war activities and criticism of the government.
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Versailles?
Germany had to accept the war guilt clause, pay reparations, lose territories, and disarm.
Did the U.S. join the League of Nations?
No, the U.S. never joined due to opposition in the Senate.
What was the global death toll of WWI?
Over 8.5 million deaths, with millions more wounded.
How did WWI affect women’s roles in the US?
Over a million women joined the workforce, taking on jobs previously held by men.
What changes occurred in the US economy due to WWI?
The US spent $35.5 billion, funded by taxes and selling “Liberty Loan” and “Victory Loan” bonds.
Describe the US government’s approach to public opinion during WWI.
They established the Committee on Public Information for propaganda and promoted war through various media.
What was the impact of the Espionage and Sedition Acts in the US during WWI?
They imposed harsh penalties for anti-war activities, restricting free speech.
How did WWI influence the civil liberties of ethnic groups and war opponents in the US?
It led to increased prejudice and attacks against German-Americans and other foreign-born individuals.
What was the Great Migration and its connection to WWI?
The large-scale movement of African Americans to northern cities, accelerated by WWI job opportunities.
How did WWI contribute to social changes in the US?
It spurred changes in gender roles, accelerated the Great Migration, and influenced racial and social dynamics.
What were Wilson’s Fourteen Points?
A peace proposal by President Wilson, advocating for national self-determination and the formation of the League of Nations.
What challenges did Wilson face in promoting his peace plan post-WWI?
Opposition from European leaders and the US Senate, who rejected many of his proposals.
Describe the Treaty of Versailles’ impact on Germany.
It imposed heavy reparations, military restrictions, and territorial losses on Germany.
How did the Treaty of Versailles influence post-WWI international relations?
It sowed seeds for future conflicts, including WWII, due to its harsh treatment of Germany and unresolved nationalist issues.
Why didn’t the US join the League of Nations?
Due to opposition in the Senate, fearing it would entangle the US in foreign conflicts and threaten its sovereignty.
What was the impact of WWI on European economies?
Devastated many European economies, highlighting the U.S.’s military and industrial potential.
Describe the social changes in the US during WWI.
Strengthened government power, accelerated social change for African Americans and women.
How did WWI impact global politics?
Created political instability and violence in many countries, leading to the rise of communist and fascist movements.
What was the global perception of WWI after its end?
It was seen as “the war to end all wars,” with hopes to prevent such conflicts in the future.
How did WWI affect the influenza epidemic?
The epidemic, possibly spread by soldiers, killed about 30 million people worldwide, including 500,000 Americans.
What was the historical impact of the Schenck and Debs cases during WWI?
These cases, under the Espionage and Sedition Acts, led to discussions on the limits of free speech during wartime.
What were the significant social shifts in the US due to WWI?
Increased roles for women in the workforce, the Great Migration, and shifts in racial and social dynamics.
What was W.E.B. Du Bois’ stance on African American support for WWI?
He believed supporting the war would strengthen calls for racial justice.
