Module 4.2 - 4.3 Flashcards
Which two demographics settled in the cities the most?
Immigrants and Native Blacks
What did overcrowding housing lead to?
tenements
Who was Jacob Riis?
Photographer that shed light on the horrible life of the immigrants in tenement New York
How may Tenements were built and by 1900?
80,000
What was the effect of Urban Growth in New York during this time?
Social Stratification - poor lived in tenements and super rich lived in mansions
From 1820 - 1990 what was the peak of immigration in New York?
Close to 90,000 (85-89,000) in 1900
What was the main transpiration in New York during this time?
Streetcars and Subways
Why did they use Chlorination and filtered water in during this time?
To stop Cholera and Typhoid
What sanitation was implemented during this time?
Trash removal and sewer lines.
Why did they form Fire Departments and so many of them?
The majority of the houses were wooden.
Who did gangs target the most in New York?
Imigrants
What is signifigant about the Police Force in New York during this time?
First salaried police force
Who was Washington Gladden?
Congregational pastor and early leader in the Social Gospel movement
What was the Social Gospel Movement?
Salvation by helping the poor, salvation through service.
Who founded Chicago’s Hull House
Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr
What were Settlement Houses?
Houses provided community assistance to poor immigrants in poor neighborhoods
What did Settlement houses offer?
Classes, help to the sick, help deserted women, damages for injured operators, and many other services.
What were Political Machines (P.M.)?
traded services for votes…primarily immigrants.
What was the aim of political machines?
Control political parties in cities
How were the P.M. structured?
Hierarchical
1. City Bosses
2. Ward Boss
3. Precinct Captains
4. Precinct Workers
What was the Municipal Graft and Scandal?
P. M. often padded voting lists (cheated)…and stole money from cities.
What did the P.M. do for businesses?
Sold contracts to businesses for kickbacks.
Who was Boss Tweed?
most well known City Boss
Who was Thomas Nast?
Brought down Boss Tweed with political cartoons.
What are Stalwarts?
people who like patronage
What are Reformers?
people who want civil service reform.
Who was the Patronage?
Many government officials
How was civil service reform outlined?
Civil Service Exams
What did Pres. Rutherford B. Hayes do?
appointed qualified independents.
What did Pres. Garfield do after Pres. Hayes?
continued reforms…killed by a stalwart…Charles Guiteau.
What did Pres. Arthur do pertaining to reforms?
passed Pendleton Civil Service Act.
How did campaign funds change?
came from outside sources (rather than employees).
What was the major issues of the 1888 Presidential election?
Whether or not to raise import tariffs.
Who won the President election in 1888?
Harrison beats Cleveland
What was unique about the 1888 election results?
Harrison wins electoral vote – Cleveland wins popular vote.
What did Harrison believe in and run on during his presidential race?
High tariffs he passed the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 – highest level of tariffs.
Who won the 1892 Presidential Election?
Cleveland wins again
