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BIOL 1211 > Section 5.3 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Section 5.3 (Exam 1) Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells Contain Organelles

1
Q

What organelles are different between plant and animal cells?

A

Plants have chloroplasts, cell walls, and a larger single vacuole. Both cells have mitochondria.

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2
Q

What are ribosomes? Are they organelles?

A

Sites of protein synthesis. They are not organelles.

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3
Q

What are the two subunits of ribosomes?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 50 different protein molecules.

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4
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The largest organelle that contains the DNA of the cell.

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5
Q

What is the nucleus made up of and what are its responsiblities?

A

Double membrane nuclear envelope that contains pores and is continuous with the ER. It contains a concentrated area of ribosomes called the nucleolus and the nucleus is also the site of DNA replication and transcription.

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6
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Long thin strands of DNA combined with protein called chromatin.

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7
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

Interconnected system of membrane-enclosed compartments. Includes the cell membrane, nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi Apparatus, and Lysosomes.

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8
Q

Tiny membranous ____________ shuttle substances between the compartments of the endomembrane system.

A

vesicles

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9
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Network of membranes in the cytoplasm with a large surface area. Consists of Rough ER and Smooth ER.

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10
Q

What is the Rough ER (RER)?

A

Ribosomes are attached to this extended membrane, making it seem rough.

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11
Q

What is the lumen?

A

Space within a membrane-bound organelle or structure.

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12
Q

What is the Smooth ER (SER)?

A

It has no ribosomes and is continuous with the RER.

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13
Q

What are the roles of the SER?

A

Chemically modifying small molecules like drugs and pesticides so they can be easily removed, site of glycogen degradation to release glucose, synthesizes lipids and steroids, and stores calcium ions.

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14
Q

What are the roles of the RER?

A

New proteins enter the RER’s lumen and are modified, folded, and transported to other regions via vesicles.

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15
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus made of?

A

Flattened sacs (cisternae) and small vesicles.

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16
Q

What are the roles of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Receive proteins from the RER; modify, concentrate, package, and sort proteins; synthesize polysaccharides for cell walls in plants; cutting precursor proteins into functional fragments

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17
Q

What are the three regions of the Golgi apparatus?

A

cis, medial, and trans

18
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

Digestive enzymes that hydrolyze macromolecules into monomers.

19
Q

Where do primary lysosomes originate from?

A

The Golgi apparatus

20
Q

How do food molecules enter the cell?

A

Phagocytosis

21
Q

When phagosomes fused with primary lysosomes, what do they form?

A

secondary lysosomes

22
Q

How is eukaryotic cell waste ejected?

A

Exocytosis

23
Q

Roles of mitochondria.

A

Transform energy in fuel molecules like glucose into the bonds of energy-rich ATP via cellular respiration.

24
Q

Cells that need more energy have more ____________.

A

mitochondria

25
Q

Mitochondria can reproduce and divide ___________________________.

A

independent of the nucleus

26
Q

Mitochondria has two membranes. Its outer membrane is ______________. And its inner membrane ______ inward to form _________ which increase surface area, which means more embedded proteins that can help in performing cellular respiration.

A

smooth; folds; cristae

27
Q

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

A

The space enclosed by the inner membrane. It contains the DNA and ribosomes that are needed for the mitochondria to reproduce and make proteins needed for cellular respiration.

28
Q

What are plastids?

A

Present only in plants and some protists, any small class of organelles that contain pigments or food.

29
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis. They have a double membrane and can divide independently of the nucleus.

30
Q

Describe the inner membrane of chloroplasts.

A

Their inner membrane forms thylakoids which contain chlorophyll and other pigments that harvest light energy.

31
Q

Vacuoles are present in what types of eukaryotic cells?

A

Plants and protists

32
Q

What is the function of vacuoles?

A

Provide structure for plant cells, water enters vacuoles through osmosis, and the inflation of vacuoles creates turgor pressure. Vacuoles also store anthocyanins in flowers and fruits; their color attracts pollinators.

33
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Supports and maintains cell shape
Holds organelles in position
Moves organelles
Involved in cytoplasmic streaming
Interacts with extracellular structures to hold cell in place
Composed of three types of filaments

34
Q

What is cytoplasmic streaming?

A

The continuous movement of the cytoplasm within a cell, which transports organelles, nutrients, and other cellular components throughout the cell.

35
Q

What are the three filaments that the cytoskeleton is composed of, and what are their sizes?

A

Microfilaments 7 nm, Intermediate filaments 8-12 nm, and Microtubules 25 nm

36
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A

Help a cell or parts of a cell to move.
Determine cell shape.
Made from the protein actin.
Actin polymerizes to form long helical chains (reversible).
Have distinct plus and minus ends.

37
Q

What is the function and structure of intermediate filaments?

A

50 different kinds.
Tough, ropelike protein structures.

They have structural functions:
Anchor cell structures in place.
Helps resist tension.
They are more permanent compared to the other two types of cytoskeleton.

38
Q

What is the structure and function of microtubules?

A

Long, hollow cylinders.
Form a rigid internal skeleton.
Act as a framework for motor proteins.
Made from dimers of the protein tubulin.
Can change length rapidly by adding or losing dimers at plus or minus ends.

39
Q

Which structures are made from microtubules?

A

Cilia and flagella; formed in a 9+2 array defined by the cross-section of 9 surrounding the 2 in the center.

40
Q

What are cilia?

A

Short, hair-like structures on individual cells that move stiffly to propel the cell or move fluid over a cell.

41
Q

What are flagella?

A

Longer, tail-like structures, usually only one or two present, with snake-like movement.

BIOL 1211 (69 decks)

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