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BIOL 1211 > Section 31.3 (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Section 31.3 (Exam 3) Flashcards

More Than Half of Chordates Are Also Aquatic

1
Q

What are the 3 main chordate synapomorphies?

A

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

Post-anal tail

Notochord

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2
Q

What is a notochord?

A

A dorsal supporting rod that is rigid and flexible

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3
Q

What is a post-anal tail?

A

a tail that extends beyond the anus

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4
Q

What are lancelets also called?

A

cephalochordates

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5
Q

What are some characteristics of lancelets, or cephalochordates?

A

Very small, less than 5 cm

Notochord is retained throughout life

Enlarged pharynx

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6
Q

What does the enlarged pharynx form in lancelets?

A

forms a pharyngeal basket for filtering prey from the water

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7
Q

What are tunicates also called?

A

urochordates or sea squirts

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8
Q

What are some characteristics of tunicates/urochordates/sea squirts?

A

Adult body is enclosed in a tough “tunic” of proteins and polysaccharides secreted by the epidermis

Adults are sessile

Pharyngeal basket filters prey from the water (like lancelets)

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9
Q

Why are they called tunicates?

A

Adult body is enclosed in a tough “tunic” of proteins and polysaccharides secreted by the epidermis

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10
Q

In vertebrates, a __________________ replaces the notochord.

A

vertebral column

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11
Q

Aside from a vertebral column, what are 4 additional features of vertebrates?

A

Anterior skull encloses a large brain

Rigid internal skeleton

Internal organs suspended in a coelom

Well-developed circulatory system driven by a ventral heart

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12
Q

What functions do the features of vertebrates allow?

A

These features can support large, active animals, allowing vertebrates to diversify widely.

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13
Q

What are the two groups of vertebrates?

A

Jawless fishes and jaw-mouthed fishes/gnathostomes

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14
Q

What are the two groups of jawless fishes?

A

hagfishes and lampreys

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15
Q

What are the two groups of jaw-mouthed fishes/ gnathostomes?

A

Bony vertebrates and chondrichthyans

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16
Q

What are the two groups of bony vertebrates?

A

Ray-finned fishes and lobe-limbed vertebrates

17
Q

What are the 4 groups of lobe-limbed vertebrates?

A

Coelacanths

Lungfishes

Amphibians

Amniotes

18
Q

What are some characteristics of hagfishes?

A

Marine, partial cranium, jawless

Cartilaginous skeleton, lacking vertebrae

Blind, large amounts of slime as defense

19
Q

What are some characteristics of lampreys?

A

Complete skull and vertebrae (cartilaginous)

Many species are parasitic

Round mouth used to attach to fish and rasp at flesh, some adults are non-feeding

Live in freshwater or anadromous

20
Q

What does it mean to be anadromous?

A

live in saltwater, but breed in freshwater

21
Q

What are gnathostomes also known as?

A

jaw-mouths

22
Q

What are some advantages that gnathostomes have?

A

Jaws and teeth improved feeding efficiency and prey capture

Most jawed fishes have paired fins for stabilization and swimming

23
Q

What happened as a result of jaws and teeth improving feeding efficiency and prey capture?

A

Jawed fishes diversified rapidly and became dominant

24
Q

What are 4 types of chondrichthyans?

A

Sharks

Rays

Skates

Chimaeras

25
Q

What are some characteristics of chondrichthyans?

A

Skeletons of cartilage

Flexible, leathery skin

26
Q

What are some characteristics of sharks?

A

Swim by using lateral undulations of the body

Most are predators

27
Q

What are some characteristics of skates and rays?

A

Swim by vertically flapping enlarged pectoral fins

Live on sea floor and feed on buried animals

28
Q

What is a characteristic of chimaeras?

A

Live in deep sea cold waters

29
Q

What material makes up the vertebrae of hagfishes, lampreys, and sharks?

A

cartilage

30
Q

What did one lineage of gnathostomes give rise to?

A

Bony vertebrates with internal skeletons of calcified, rigid bone

31
Q

What are some characteristics of ray-finned fishes?

A

Covered by scales

Swim bladder for buoyancy

Gills covered by operculum

Exploit all types of food

32
Q

What is the function of the operculum?

A

Structure that covers and protects the gills

Moves to enhance water flow over the gills

33
Q

Why are coastal waters and estuaries extremely important to marine fish?

A

This is where they go to lay eggs

34
Q

Some ray-finned fish are anadromous. Name one example of this and what it means.

A

Salmon are anadromous. They move from the ocean to the fresh water to breed.

BIOL 1211 (69 decks)

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