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BIOL 1211 > Section 26.2 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Section 26.2 (Exam 2) Flashcards

Key Adaptations Permitted Plants to Colonize Land

1
Q

What did plants need to survive on land?

A

Water transport mechanisms
Physical support
Mechanisms to distribute gametes and progeny
A way to avoid desiccation

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2
Q

What are cuticles?

A

waxy coating that retards water loss (lipid-based)

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3
Q

What are stomata?

A

openings in stems and leaves that regulate gas exchange and water loss

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4
Q

What are gametangia?

A

organs that enclose gametes

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5
Q

One adaptation of land plants is a protective structure around the _________.

A

embryo

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6
Q

What is the function of thick spore walls?

A

preventing desiccation and decay

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7
Q

What adaptation of land plants can protect against UV radiation?

A

pigments

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8
Q

What benefit do land plants derive from association with fungi like mycorrhizae?

A

better nutrient uptake from the soil

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9
Q

Growing roots can contribute to the mechanical breakdown of ______.

A

soil

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9
Q

Organic material from dead plants contributes to ___________________.

A

soil formation

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9
Q

Acid secreted by ancient plants helped break down rock, which contributed to ___________________.

A

soil formation

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10
Q

Haploid gametes fuse to form a __________ via _____________.

A

zygote; fertilization

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11
Q

Alternation of generations occurs in ________________.

A

all land plants

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12
Q

Gametophytes produce ________________ by mitosis.

A

haploid gametes

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13
Q

After mitosis, the zygote ultimately becomes a ________________________.

A

diploid sporophyte

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14
Q

The diploid sporophyte produces ____________ by meiosis.

A

haploid spores

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15
Q

Spores germinate and divide by mitosis and produce _________________.

A

the haploid gametophyte

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16
Q

Multicellular diploid plant is the _____________.

A

sporophyte

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17
Q

Cells within the _____________, a specialized reproductive organ, undergo meiosis to produce haploid, unicellular spores.

A

sporangia

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18
Q

Spores develop into a multicellular haploid plant, the _________________.

A

gametophyte

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19
Q

Evolutionary trends show a _____________ of the gametophyte generation.

A

reduction

20
Q

In non-vascular plants, the gametophyte is __________________________________ than the sporophyte. In plants that appeared later, this is reversed.

A

longer-lived and more self-sufficient

21
Q

Non-vascular plants, also called bryophytes, transport water through ____________.

A

diffusion

22
Q

Non-vascular plants, or bryophytes, have a thin __________ and live in moist environments.

A

cuticle

23
Q

Non-vascular plants, or bryophytes, lack true ____________________.

A

leaves, stems, and roots.

24
Q

What are non-vascular plants also known as?

A

Bryophytes

25
Q

Sporophytes are always ____________ dependent on the gametophyte and are permanently attached; they produce spores in a ________________.

A

nutritionally; sporangium

26
Q

Gametophytes are photosynthetic, the male and female gametes are produced in different structures called the ____________________________.

A

antheridia and archegonia

27
Q

Sperm from the antheridia can only fertilize the egg within the archegonium in the presence of _______. This is only the case in plants without seeds, everything except for ________________________________.

A

water; gymnosperms and angiosperms

28
Q

Spores germinate in the ________________, otherwise they remain dormant.

A

ideal conditions

29
Q

Germinating spores of moss grow a bud. What does this bud grow into?

A

Gametophytes

30
Q

What is protonema?

A

filamentous structure of a moss that contains chlorophyll (photosynthetic)

31
Q

What is a rhizoid in bryophytes?

A

A root-like structure in bryophytes that helps anchor the plant to the substrate and absorb water

32
Q

Some of these bryophytes have leafy gametophytes and are thalloid.

A

Liverworts

33
Q

The ______________ of liverworts are only a few millimeters high.

A

sporophytes

34
Q

What is a thalloid structure?

A

It is leaflike and lies flat on the ground.

35
Q

In liverworts, a stalk raises the ___________ above ground level to allow spores to be dispersed.

A

sporangium

36
Q

Liverworts reproduce ___________ by ________________ of the gametophyte

A

asexually; fragmentation

37
Q

What are gemmae?

A

lens-shaped clumps of cells, sometimes in cup shapes. They are dispersed by raindrops and lead to growth of a new plant, like seeds.

38
Q

Mosses have ________ which are important in water and gas exchange.

A

stomata

39
Q

Stomata are present in mosses and other land plants except for _____________.

A

liverworts

40
Q

Gametophytes of moss begin development as a __________.

A

protonema

41
Q

Some mosses have specialized cells called _________, which die and form channels through which water can move. This is useful for mosses that grow too large for diffusion to be effective.

A

hydroids

42
Q

Sphagnum moss likes to grow in ___________________.

A

cool, swampy places

43
Q

Upper layers of moss can compress lower layers that are decomposing, which forms _____.

A

peat

44
Q

How can peat be used?

A

it can be burned as fuel

45
Q

The gametophytes of __________ are flat plates of cells.

A

hornworts

46
Q

What do the green sporophytes of hornworts look like?

A

small horns

47
Q

Cells of hornworts have a single, large ___________. Liverworts and mosses have many.

A

chloroplast

48
Q

The hornwort sporophyte has a basal region capable of indefinite ________________.

A

cell division or growth

49
Q

Hornworts have specialized internal cavities. _____________________ live in these cavities.

A

Symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria (heterocysts)

50
Q

In plants, the diploid and haploid stages of the life cycle both include ______________ individuals, and gametes are produced by _________.

A

multicellular; mitosis

BIOL 1211 (69 decks)

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