Section 26.3 (Exam 2)

Question 1

What is a key synapomorphy of the vascular plants?

Answer 1

tracheids

Question 2

What are tracheids?

Answer 2

cells that conduct water, they evolved in sporophytes

Question 3

What are the two parts of the vascular system?

Answer 3

Xylem and Phloem

Question 4

What is the function of xylem?

Answer 4

conducts water and minerals from the soil to the rest of the plant

Question 5

What is the function of phloem?

Answer 5

conducts photosynthetic products throughout the plant

Question 6

Some xylem cell walls contain _________, which provides support.

Answer 6

lignin

Question 7

What are 2 novel features of vascular plants?

Answer 7

Tracheids and a branching independent sporophyte.

Question 8

The transport of water and minerals by xylem and the structural support from lignin allows plants to grow tall, which provides better _______________________________________________.

Answer 8

access to sunlight and ability to disperse spores

Question 9

What are the 2 things a branching independent sporophyte can do?

Answer 9

Produce more spores and develop in complex ways

Question 10

What are rhizoids in vascular plants?

Answer 10

water and nutrient-absorbing filaments, function like early roots

Question 11

What were the earliest vascular plants that are now extinct?

Answer 11

Rhyniophytes

Question 12

What are rhizomes in vascular plants?

Answer 12

Horizontal stems that can anchor a plant in place

Question 13

Rhyniophytes have a simple _____________.

Answer 13

vascular system

Question 14

Rhyniophytes, now extinct, had _______________ branching.

Answer 14

dichotomous

Question 15

Rhyniophytes were considered vascular plants, but they lacked ____________________.

Answer 15

leaves and roots

Question 16

Club mosses are lycophytes. Lycophytes are the sister group to other _________ plants.

Answer 16

vascular

Question 17

Lycophytes have stems and true roots with _____________ branching.

Answer 17

dichotomous

Question 17

Lycophytes have simple leaflike structures called ____________, which are arranged spirally.

Answer 17

microphylls

Question 18

Some lycophytes have sporangia arranged in cone-like clusters called ___________.

Answer 18

strobilus

Question 18

There are only 15 species of ___________, and they are only present in the genus Equisetum.

Answer 18

horsetails

Question 19

Horsetails have reduced leaves that grow in ________.

Answer 19

whorls

Question 20

What are whorls?

Answer 20

A circular arrangement of leaves present in horsetails

Question 21

All horsetails have _______ in their cell walls, which is why they are known as “scouring rushes”.

Answer 21

silica

Question 22

Horsetails have _____ roots.

Answer 22

true

Question 23

Horsetails have sporangia on short stalks called __________________.

Answer 23

sporangiophores

Question 24

Ferns are mostly _____________.

Answer 24

terrestrial

Question 25

Ferns have large leaves with branching _________ strands.

Answer 25

vascular

Question 26

Marsilea mutica is a type of _____________.

Answer 26

aquatic fern

Question 27

Fern _____________ can be large and very long-lived.

Answer 27

sporophytes

Question 28

Most ferns live in moist habitats because water is necessary for the transportation of ______________.

Answer 28

male gametes

Question 29

In ferns, sporangia are borne on a stalk in clusters called _____ on the underside of the leaves.

Answer 29

sori

Question 30

In ferns, both the gametophyte and sporophyte are nutritionally ________________.

Answer 30

independent

Question 31

How wide is a mature gametophyte of a fern?

Answer 31

.5 cm

Question 32

What is the shape of a mature fern gametophyte?

Answer 32

prothallus (heart-shape)

Question 33

A mature gametophyte contains both male and female gametes. These gametes are called the _____________________________.

Answer 33

Antheridia and archegonia

Question 34

The antheridia contains the ______.

Answer 34

sperm

Question 35

The archegonia contains the ___.

Answer 35

egg

Question 36

The fertilized egg is called a _________, which develops into the __________ and then develops into the _________________.

Answer 36

zygote; embryo; sporophyte

Question 37

A mature fern sporophyte (the dominant form) has sori underneath its leaves. The sporangia clustered in the sori produce many spores via ________.

Answer 37

meiosis

Question 38

Fern spores germinate and grow rhizoids, and eventually mature into a __________.

Answer 38

prothallus

Question 39

Ancient vascular plants were ____________.

Answer 39

homosporous

Question 40

What does it mean to be homosporous?

Answer 40

to have one type of spore

Question 41

Homosporous organisms have one type of gametophyte which contains both _______________________________________.

Answer 41

male and female reproductive organs

Question 42

Heterosporous plants produce male and female spore types. These are called ________________________________.

Answer 42

microspores and megaspores