Section 26.3 (Exam 2) Flashcards
Vascular Tissues Led to Rapid Diversification of Land Plants
What is a key synapomorphy of the vascular plants?
tracheids
What are tracheids?
cells that conduct water, they evolved in sporophytes
What are the two parts of the vascular system?
Xylem and Phloem
What is the function of xylem?
conducts water and minerals from the soil to the rest of the plant
What is the function of phloem?
conducts photosynthetic products throughout the plant
Some xylem cell walls contain _________, which provides support.
lignin
What are 2 novel features of vascular plants?
Tracheids and a branching independent sporophyte.
The transport of water and minerals by xylem and the structural support from lignin allows plants to grow tall, which provides better _______________________________________________.
access to sunlight and ability to disperse spores
What are the 2 things a branching independent sporophyte can do?
Produce more spores and develop in complex ways
What are rhizoids in vascular plants?
water and nutrient-absorbing filaments, function like early roots
What were the earliest vascular plants that are now extinct?
Rhyniophytes
What are rhizomes in vascular plants?
Horizontal stems that can anchor a plant in place
Rhyniophytes have a simple _____________.
vascular system
Rhyniophytes, now extinct, had _______________ branching.
dichotomous
Rhyniophytes were considered vascular plants, but they lacked ____________________.
leaves and roots
Club mosses are lycophytes. Lycophytes are the sister group to other _________ plants.
vascular
Lycophytes have stems and true roots with _____________ branching.
dichotomous
Lycophytes have simple leaflike structures called ____________, which are arranged spirally.
microphylls
Some lycophytes have sporangia arranged in cone-like clusters called ___________.
strobilus
There are only 15 species of ___________, and they are only present in the genus Equisetum.
horsetails
Horsetails have reduced leaves that grow in ________.
whorls
What are whorls?
A circular arrangement of leaves present in horsetails
All horsetails have _______ in their cell walls, which is why they are known as “scouring rushes”.
silica
Horsetails have _____ roots.
true
Horsetails have sporangia on short stalks called __________________.
sporangiophores
Ferns are mostly _____________.
terrestrial
Ferns have large leaves with branching _________ strands.
vascular
Marsilea mutica is a type of _____________.
aquatic fern
Fern _____________ can be large and very long-lived.
sporophytes
Most ferns live in moist habitats because water is necessary for the transportation of ______________.
male gametes
In ferns, sporangia are borne on a stalk in clusters called _____ on the underside of the leaves.
sori
In ferns, both the gametophyte and sporophyte are nutritionally ________________.
independent
How wide is a mature gametophyte of a fern?
.5 cm
What is the shape of a mature fern gametophyte?
prothallus (heart-shape)
A mature gametophyte contains both male and female gametes. These gametes are called the _____________________________.
Antheridia and archegonia
The antheridia contains the ______.
sperm
The archegonia contains the ___.
egg
The fertilized egg is called a _________, which develops into the __________ and then develops into the _________________.
zygote; embryo; sporophyte
A mature fern sporophyte (the dominant form) has sori underneath its leaves. The sporangia clustered in the sori produce many spores via ________.
meiosis
Fern spores germinate and grow rhizoids, and eventually mature into a __________.
prothallus
Ancient vascular plants were ____________.
homosporous
What does it mean to be homosporous?
to have one type of spore
Homosporous organisms have one type of gametophyte which contains both _______________________________________.
male and female reproductive organs
Heterosporous plants produce male and female spore types. These are called ________________________________.
microspores and megaspores
