Section 49.1.1 (Exam 4) Food Flashcards
Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
How does an animal meet its energy needs?
ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food
What is the assimilation of food?
the process of absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other chemicals from food as part of the nutrition of an organism
What is the basal energy expenditure for an adult human male and female?
1,300 -1,490 Cal/day for an adult female
1,600 to 1,800 Cal/day for an adult male
What adds to the calories burned by the basal metabolic rate (BMR) to get the total energy expenditure?
Calories burned by physical activity
Define macronutrients.
Foods that provide energy such as fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
Which macronutrient yields the most energy?
Fat yield – 9.5 Cal/gram,
Carbs and proteins yield – ~4 Cal/gram
How do animals store food between meals?
Animals use macronutrients to store food in between meals:
Carbohydrates are stored in liver and muscle cells as glycogen—they have enough for about one day’s energy needs
Fat stores more energy per gram and with little water, which makes it more compact
Proteins are not used for energy storage but can be metabolized as a last resort
What happens if an animals doesn’t take in enough food?
Metabolism (breakdown) of the body’s own molecules begins:
Glycogen and fat are broken down, then proteins are metabolized, starting with blood plasma
What does the metabolism (breakdown) of blood proteins lead to?
Edema, which is a sign of kwashiorkor
Why does the breakdown of blood proteins cause edema?
The water soluble blood proteins make the inside of the blood vessel have a higher solute concentration, and osmosis brings water back into the blood vessel; this is called osmotic pressure
When blood proteins are broken down, they are no longer able to keep the water within the blood vessels, and it leaks
What happens if an animals takes in too much food?
Glycogen reserves are built up
Extra carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are converted to body fat
In what situation is overeating necessary?
hibernation
Why is it necessary for animals to ingest organic molecules?
To supply carbon skeletons, building blocks for larger organic molecules
What is the acetyl group?
CH3CO, it is a carbon skeleton used to build more complex molecules
Acetyl groups can only be obtained from food
Animals can synthesize some amino acids. Can they synthesize essential amino acids?
The 8 essential amino acids must be obtained from food
