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BIOL 1211 > Section 31.4 (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Section 31.4 (Exam 3) Flashcards

Tetrapods Diversified Rapidly in Terrestrial Environments

1
Q

What was necessary for the fish to evolve into land animals?

A

The ability to breath air; lung-like sacs (lungfishes)

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2
Q

What resulted in the ability to walk on land in lobe-limbed vertebrates?

A

paired pelvic and pectoral fins became more muscular, joined to the body by an enlarged bone

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3
Q

When were coelacanths thought to have become extinct?

A

65 mya

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4
Q

Where were living coelacanths found and when?

A

Off the coast of South Africa in 1938

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5
Q

What is a derived feature of coelacanths?

A

cartilaginous skeleton

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6
Q

Why is a cartilaginous skeleton a derived feature of coelacanths?

A

Because its ancestors had bony skeletons

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7
Q

What are some characteristics of lungfishes?

A

They have lungs and gills

They can burrow in mud when ponds dry up and survive many months in an inactive state while breathing air

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8
Q

What was the first step that aquatic lobe-limbed vertebrates took to evolve into ancestral tetrapods?

A

Using terrestrial food sources and became adapted to life on land

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9
Q

Which two groups make up tetrapods?

A

Amphibians and amniotes

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10
Q

What are some characteristics of amphibians?

A

Most remain tied to moist habitats; they lose water easily through the skin; eggs dry out if exposed to air.

Some species are entirely aquatic, and in others adults live on land, but must return to water to lay eggs; larvae develop in the water.

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11
Q

What are the three groups of amphibians?

A

Caecilians

Anurans

Salamanders

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12
Q

What are caecilians?

A

A major amphibian group

Wormlike, limbless, tropical burrowing animals

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13
Q

What are some characteristics of anurans, a major amphibian group?

A

Some have tough skins and other adaptations for dry habitats.

Many are arboreal; some completely aquatic.

All have a short vertical column and pelvic region modified for hopping/leaping or kicking in the water.

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14
Q

What are some characteristics of salamanders, a major amphibian group?

A

Many live in moist soil and rotting logs.

One major group has lost the lungs and relies on gas exchange through skin and mouth lining.

Completely aquatic species – they develop through neoteny.

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15
Q

What is neoteny?

A

retention of juvenile characteristics

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16
Q

Many amphibians have complex social behaviors. What are some examples of these?

A

Male anurans call to attract females and defend territories.

Some species lay a few eggs and guard the nest or carry the eggs on the body

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17
Q

What are some characteristics of amniotes that enable them to conserve water and exploit terrestrial habitats?

A

Amniote egg

Adult amniotes have a tough skin with scales, feathers, or hair to prevent drying.

Kidneys allow excretion of concentrated urine

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18
Q

How do kidneys in amniotes prevent water loss?

A

Kidneys allow excretion of concentrated urine, allowing excretion of nitrogen wastes without losing a lot of water

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19
Q

What are some characteristics of the amniote egg?

A

Relatively impermeable to water; the embryo develops in a contained aqueous environment

Leathery or brittle shells

Yolk

Extraembryonic membranes

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20
Q

What are some characteristics of the leathery/brittle shells of amniote eggs?

A

Retard water evaporation

Allow gas exchange

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21
Q

What is the function of a yolk in amniote eggs?

A

storing food

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22
Q

What is the function of extraembryonic membranes in the amniote egg?

A

protect the embryo from drying and assist gas exchange and excretion of nitrogen

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23
Q

Name some ways in which the amniote egg was modified for different organisms.

A

In several groups, modification of the egg allowed the embryo to develop inside its mother’s body

In mammals the egg lost its shell entirely; functions of the extraembryonic membranes were retained and expanded.

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24
Q

What are the two major groups of animals that amniotes split into?

A

Reptiles and mammals

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25
Q

What are the 4 groups of reptiles?

A

Squamates

Turtles

Crocodilians

Birds

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26
Q

What are some examples of squamates?

A

lizards or snakes

27
Q

What are some characteristics of squamates?

A

Skin covered with horny scales.

Gas exchange is only through the lungs.

28
Q

What is the lizard feeding type?

A

Most lizards are insectivores, some are herbivores and predators

29
Q

Name some characteristics of snakes.

A

Snakes are limbless squamates; all are carnivorous.

Many have venom glands.

30
Q

How has the turtle changed over time?

A

very little since the early Mesozoic

30
Q

Name some characteristics of turtles.

A

Dorsal and ventral bony plates form a shell.

Dorsal shell is a modification of the ribs.

31
Q

What are 4 examples of crocodilians?

A

Crocodiles, caimans, gharials, and alligators

32
Q

What are some characteristics of crocodilians?

A

Carnivores; mostly stay in water in tropical and warm temperate regions.

Build nests on land or floating piles of vegetation—heat from decaying organic matter warms the eggs.

33
Q

Describe some classifying characteristics of birds.

A

They are a specialized group of theropods

They fall into two groups: flying and flightless

34
Q

Describe some physical characteristics of birds.

A

Feathers

Bones

Beaks and no teeth

35
Q

What are theropods?

A

a group of predatory dinosaurs

36
Q

What are the three traits that birds shared with theropods?

A

Bipedal stance

Hollow bones

A Furcula

37
Q

What is a furcula?

A

a wishbone

38
Q

Name some flightless birds.

A

Tinamou, rhea, emu, kiwi, cassowary, ostrich

39
Q

What are some characteristics of bird feathers?

A

lightweight, but strong

provides flying surfaces

insulation

attracts mates

40
Q

What are some characteristics of bird bones?

A

Hollow with internal struts; lightweight, but strong

41
Q

Why do birds have beaks with no teeth?

A

Birds may consume many different types of food.

42
Q

Since they eat fruits and seeds, what roles do birds play in the environment?

A

Birds are important agents of plant dispersal

43
Q

What are some fun facts about mammals?

A

They coexisted with dinosaurs

Range in size from tiny shrews to blue whales

Highly differentiated teeth represent their varied diets

44
Q

What are some key physical features of the mammals?

A

Sweat glands

Mammary glands

Hair

4-chambered heart

45
Q

What is the function of a 4-chambered heart?

A

completely separates oxygenated from deoxygenated blood (a convergent trait with groups like dinosaurs, birds and crocodiles)

46
Q

What is a convergent trait?

A

Similar selective pressures led to the evolution of a certain trait; unrelated to genetic similarities

47
Q

Describe the eggs of mammals.

A

Fertilized internally

Embryos develop in female uterus

Embryo is contained in an amniotic sac

Placenta connects embryo and uterus wall

48
Q

What is the purpose of the placenta in mammals?

A

nutrient/gas exchange

waste elimination

both happen via the female’s circulatory system

49
Q

Describe hair in mammals.

A

Hair (fur) is thick in some species, and greatly reduced in others

50
Q

How do mammals that have greatly reduced fur insulate themselves?

A

In cetaceans (whales and dolphins) – a thick layer of fat (blubber)

Humans learned to use clothing

51
Q

What are the two groups of living mammals?

A

Prototherians and Therians

52
Q

What are 2 prototherians?

A

duck-billed platypus and echidna

53
Q

What are some characteristics of prototherians?

A

lay shelled eggs

provide milk to their young

54
Q

What are some characteristics of marsupials?

A

Carry and feed young in a ventral pouch. Young are born early, and crawl into pouch for further development.

Most are in Australia and South America.

Marsupials are herbivores, insectivores, and carnivores.

None can fly, but some arboreal species are gliders.

55
Q

What is the name of the only marsupial in North America north of Mexico?

A

Virginia opossum

56
Q

What are some characteristics of eutherians?

A

Have well-developed placentas; young are more developed at birth than marsupials.

Almost 2/3 of all eutherians are rodents and bats

57
Q

What did several groups do that transformed the landscape?

A

grazing and browsing

58
Q

What did plants do in response to grazing and browsing?

A

Evolved to create harsh chemical compounds, plant spines, tough leaves, and larger size.

59
Q

How did herbivores respond to plants evolving to create harsh chemical compounds, plant spines, tough leaves, and larger size?

A

Herbivores in turn evolved adaptations to the teeth and digestive systems, and many grew larger

60
Q

How did carnivores evolve in response to herbivores growing larger?

A

Carnivores also grew larger so they were able to prey on the large herbivores.

61
Q

Which eutherian lineage returned to an aquatic habitats?

A

Cetaceans

62
Q

What are cetaceans?

A

whales and dolphins

63
Q

What did cetaceans evolve from?

A

hoofed ancestors

BIOL 1211 (69 decks)

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