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BIOL 1211 > Section 29.3 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Section 29.3 (Exam 2) Flashcards

The Root of the Animal Tree Provides Clues to Early Animal Diversification

1
Q

What are the two major bilaterian goups?

A

Protostomes and Deuterostomes

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2
Q

What are some bilaterian synapomorphies?

A

Anterior-posterior axis

Triploblastic

Centralized nervous system

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3
Q

Name the 6 members of the non-bilaterian groups. (Monoblastic and diploblastic as well.)

A

Glass sponges
Demosponges
Calcareous sponges
Ctenophores
Placozoans
Cnidarians

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of sponges?

A

Monoblastic, asymmetrical

Some specialized cells, but no true organs

They have spicules as skeletal elements

Mostly marine and filter feeders

Built around a water canal system

Made of choanocytes

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5
Q

What are the three types of sponges

A

Glass sponges
Demosponges
Calcareous sponges

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6
Q

Glass sponges and demosponges have spicules made of _______________.

A

silicon dioxide

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7
Q

Calcareous sponges have spicules made of __________________.

A

calcium carbonate

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8
Q

Describe the sponges water canals. How is water brought in? How does it help sponges eat food?

A

Water is brought into canals by beating choanocyte flagella. Choanocytes then capture food particles from this water.

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9
Q

The body plan of sponges is an aggregation of _____________________________.

A

cells around a water canal system

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10
Q

How do sponges reproduce?

A

Asexually through budding and fragmentation.

They can also reproduce sexually by releasing their gametes (sperm and egg) into the water, and the water carries them to one another.

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11
Q

Can sponges self-fertilize?

A

Sponges cannot self-fertilize.

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12
Q

What are Ctenophores also known as?

A

comb jellies

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13
Q

What are some characteristics of ctenophores?

A

Radially symmetric, diplobastic

Two cell layers separated by a gelatinous mesoglea

Complete gut

Have ctenes

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14
Q

Ctenophores may have been the earliest lineage to split from other animals. Which other group were ctenophores thought to be closely related to?

A

Cnidarians

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15
Q

What are ctenes?

A

comb-like rows of cilia

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16
Q

How do ctenophores move?

A

They move through the water by beating the cilia of their ctenes.

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17
Q

How do ctenophores feed?

A

Ctenophores have feeding tentacles. These tentacles have cells that discharge an adhesive which can capture prey.

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18
Q

What do ctenophores eat, and where do they live?

A

Ctenophores feed on planktonic organisms.

They are all marine.

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of Placozoans?

A

4 distinct cell types, diploblastic

Their mature stage is asymmetrical

No mouth, gut, or nervous system

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20
Q

Placozoans were once thought to be the sister group of all other animals, but this isn’t supported by _____________________.

A

phylogenetic analyses

20
Q

Placozoans aspects of structural simplicity may be secondarily derived. What does this imply?

A

Placozoan ancestors were more complex.

20
Q

What are the 3 groups of cnidarians?

A

Anthozoans (sea anemones, sea pens, and corals)

Scyphozoans (jellyfish; all marine)

Hydrozoans

21
Q

What are some common characteristics of cnidarians?

A

Mostly marine

Gut is blind, with one opening, also functions as a gastrovascular cavity

Incomplete gut; Two-staged life cycle

Tentacles have nematocysts

21
Q

What is the function of a gastrovascular cavity in cnidarians?

A

digestion, circulation, gas exchange, and as a hydrostatic skeleton

22
Q

Why is the cnidarian gut considered incomplete?

A

It only has one opening

23
Q

What are the two stages of the cnidarian life cycle?

A

Polyp and medusa

24
Q

How do polyps reproduce?

A

They produce male or female medusae asexually via budding of the mature polyp.

25
Q

How do medusa reproduce?

A

They produce polyps sexually.

26
Q

What does the fertilized egg of cnidarians develop into before becoming a polyp?

A

A free-swimming ciliated larva called a planula

27
Q

What is a planula?

A

A free-swimming ciliated larva

28
Q

How does a planula become a polyp?

A

The planula, or free-swimming ciliated larva, settles to the ocean floor and grows into a polyp.

29
Q

Cnidarian tentacles have nematocysts. What are nematocysts?

A

Specialized cells that inject toxins into prey organisms. These cells also have a stylet, or a barb, that keeps them anchored to the prey.

30
Q

Which organisms are considered anthozoans?

A

Sea anemones, sea pens, and corals.

31
Q

Name a characteristic of sea anemones that they don’t share with all other anthozoans.

A

They are solitary

32
Q

Name a characteristic of sea pens that they don’t share with all other anthozoans.

A

They are colonial with two types of polyps.

33
Q

What are the two types of polyps that sea pens have?

A

Primary polyps that anchor in the sediments

Secondary feeding polyps that are produced by budding

34
Q

Name some characteristics of corals.

A

sessile; colonial

polyps secrete matrix of organic molecules, aids in skeleton formation

living polyps form on top of skeletal remains of other corals

35
Q

How do coral skeletons form?

A

Coral polyps secrete a matrix of organic molecules on which they deposit calcium carbonate, which forms a skeleton.

36
Q

How are coral reefs formed?

A

Living polyps form a layer on top of a growing mass of skeletal remains, which forms coral reefs and islands.

37
Q

Where do corals grow?

A

Shallow, nutrient-poor, tropical waters.

38
Q

How can corals survive in nutrient-poor and shallow waters?

A

Endosymbiotic dinoflagellates live within them. All they need for energy is sunlight.

39
Q

Why do coral reefs need clear surface water?

A

If the surface of the water is obstructed, the corals will not receive enough sunlight for their dinoflagellates to produce enough energy.

40
Q

Why are coral reefs threatened by rising CO2?

A

Increasing ocean temperatures and ocean acidification. (decreasing pH)

41
Q

Why is increasing ocean temperatures and ocean acidification bad for corals?

A

Ocean warming causes coral bleaching.

Acidification can cause calcium carbonate skeletons of corals to dissolve.

42
Q

Why is excess nitrogen in runoff bad for corals?

A

It can lead to overgrowth of algae, which can suffocate corals—eutrophication

43
Q

Which organisms are considered scyphozoans?

A

jellyfish

44
Q

Name some characteristics of scyphozoans.

A

All marine

Medusa stage dominates, individuals can be male or female

Fertilized egg becomes planula

45
Q

What are some characteristics of hydrozoans?

A

Polyps usually dominate, but some have only medusae

Mostly colonial, connected polyps share one gastrovascular cavity

Some polyps specialized for feeding, other produce medusae

46
Q

How do the medusae in a hydrozoan develop?

A

Asexually within an enlarged secondary reproductive polyp.

BIOL 1211 (69 decks)

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