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BIOL 1211 > Section 27.3 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Section 27.3 (Exam 2) Flashcards

Flowers and Fruits Led to Increased Diversification of Angiosperms

1
Q

Angiosperms (“enclosed seeds”) have ________________.

A

flowers and fruits

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2
Q

After fertilization, the ovary of an angiosperm develops into a ___________.

A

true fruit

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3
Q

Ovules and seeds are enclosed in a modified _______ called a _________.

A

leaf;carpel

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4
Q

What is the function of the carpel?

A

Provide protection for the ovules and seeds and prevent self-pollination

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5
Q

In angiosperms, the female gametophyte is highly reduced, usually only ________.

A

7 cells

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6
Q

The xylem of most angiosperms has specialized _____________________________.

A

water-transporting vessel elements

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7
Q

Xylem in angiosperms has _____________ that provide support.

A

fiber cells

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8
Q

Woody angiosperms have _____________ growth that increases their stem diameter.

A

secondary

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9
Q

In angiosperms, phloem has unique cells called ____________ cells.

A

companion

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10
Q

Name some synapomorphies of angiosperms that can differentiate them from gymnosperms.

A

Germination of pollen on a stigma

Double fertilization

Triploid endosperm that is nutritive tissue for the embryo

Phloem with companion cells

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11
Q

Flowers are the sexual structures of _____________.

A

angiosperms

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12
Q

A group of flowers form a ______________.

A

florescence

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13
Q

All parts of a flower are modified _______.

A

leaves

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14
Q

Stamens, consisting of filament and anther, bear the ________________.

A

microsporangia

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15
Q

Carpels, (also called pistil) bear ____________.

A

megasporangia

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16
Q

________ consist of the stigma, style, and ovary.

A

Carpels

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17
Q

What are the 4 organs of a flower?

A

Sepals, petals, stamens and carpels

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18
Q

What are all the petals of a flower collectively called? All the sepals?

A

Corolla; calyx

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19
Q

What is the role of petals and sepals?

A

Attracting animals pollinators

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20
Q

What is a common role of the calyx (all the sepals collectively)?

A

protecting the immature flower in the bud

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21
Q

Early diverging flowers also have _______.

A

tepals

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22
Q

What are the two types of flowers?

A

Perfect and imperfect

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23
Q

What differentiates perfect flowers?

A

They have both the male and female sporangia on the same flower, (not on the same plant and separate flowers)

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24
Q

What differentiates imperfect flowers?

A

They don’t have megasporangia and microsporangia on the same flower.

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25
Q

What are monoecious flowers?

A

male and female flowers grow on the same plant, (not the same flower)

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26
Q

What are the two types of imperfect flowers?

A

Monoecious and dioecious flowers

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27
Q

What are dioecious flowers?

A

male and female flowers grow on different plants

28
Q

Evolution has also favored flowers with _____ styles and filaments.

A

long

29
Q

Natural selection has favored longer styles and filaments in flowers because it increases the likelihood of ___________.

A

pollination

30
Q

Most angiosperms are pollinated by ________.

A

animals

31
Q

Why do a longer style and filaments increase likelihood of pollination in flowers?

A

Making them more accessible to insects and easier to catch the wind (pollen)

32
Q

Many flowers entice pollinators with nectar and pollen as ______________.

A

food rewards

33
Q

Plants and their pollinators ____________.

A

coevolved

34
Q

Flowers can specialize based on their pollinators. What specializations do bee-pollinated flowers have?

A

They are often red and odorless. They often have conspicuous markings or nectar guides that are only visible to bees.

35
Q

Insect-pollinated flowers have a characteristic _____.

A

odor

36
Q

Which type of plants undergo double fertilization?

A

angiosperms

37
Q

What is characteristic of the pollen grains that are involved in double fertilization?

A

They have two sperms

38
Q

In double fertilization, one sperm combines with the ______ to produce a diploid zygote. The other sperm combines with ___________ to form the _____________________.

A

egg; 2 haploid nuclei; triploid endosperm

39
Q

In angiosperms, the endosperm provides food for the ____________.

A

early embryo

40
Q

The embryo of angiosperms consists of two parts:

A

Embryonic axis that forms the stem and root, and cotyledons which become the first leaves.

41
Q

The ovule is protected within the ________.

A

carpel

42
Q

What are the steps to seed formation in angiosperms, starting with pollination?

A

Pollination –> Pollen tube formation –> Fertilization

43
Q

Megasporangium (2n) house the _____________.

A

megasporocyte (2n)

44
Q

The megasporocyte (2n) produces 4 _____________ via meiosis. One of these develops into the female gametophyte, the egg, and the other 3 degenerate.

A

megaspores (1n)

45
Q

Microsporangium (2n) house _____________.

A

microsporocytes (2n)

46
Q

Microsporocytes (2n) produce 4 ______________ via meiosis. Most of these develop into the male gametophyte, the sperm.

A

microspores (1n)

47
Q

Name 4 ways fruits can aid in seed dispersal.

A

Attaching to animal (burrs)

Being eaten by animals (berries)

Floating on water (coconuts)

Traveling on wind (maple seeds)

48
Q

A fruit could consist of only the mature ______________, but it may also consist of the other parts of the flower or associated structures.

A

ovary and seeds

49
Q

What are simple fruits?

A

they develop from one carpel

50
Q

What are aggregate fruits?

A

the develop from several carpels of a single flower

51
Q

What are multiple fruits?

A

they form from a cluster of flowers

52
Q

What are accessory fruits?

A

they develop from parts in addition to carpels and seeds

53
Q

What are the 4 types of fruit that are classified because of what they develop from?

A

simple, aggregate, multiple, and accessory

54
Q

Name two example of simple fruits.

A

plums and cherries

55
Q

Name an example of an aggregate fruit.

A

raspberries

56
Q

Name two examples of multiple fruits.

A

pineapples and figs

57
Q

Name three examples of accessory fruits.

A

apples, pears, and strawberries

58
Q

What are the two major clades of angiosperms?

A

monocots and eudicots

59
Q

The two major clades of angiosperms, monocots and eudicots, are divided based on how many cotyledons they have. What are cotyledons, and what is their function?

A

They absorb nutrition from the endosperm, and they are the first leaves that can perform photosynthesis after germination.

60
Q

How many cotyledons do monocots have?

A

one

61
Q

How many cotyledons do eudicots have?

A

two

62
Q

What are the 4 main differences between monocots and eudicots?

A

Number of cotyledons

Leaf vein patterns

Number of petals on flowers

Arrangement of vascular bundles

63
Q

What is the leaf vein pattern of monocots? Of eudicots?

A

Monocots have parallel leaf veins. Eudicots have branching leaf veins.

64
Q

How can you tell whether an angiosperm is a monocot or eudicot by looking at its flower petals?

A

If it’s a monocot, the number of petals will be divisible by 3. If it’s a eudicot, the number of petals will be divisible by 4 or 5.

65
Q

How can you tell whether an angiosperm is a monocot or eudicot by looking at the arrangement of its vascular bundles?

A

Monocots have scattered vascular bundles. Eudicots have circular vascular bundles.

BIOL 1211 (52 decks)

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