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BIOL 1211 > Section 29.1 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Section 29.1 (Exam 2) Flashcards

Diverse Body Plans Allow Animals to Move and Feed in Many Ways

1
Q

What are some general characteristics of animals?

A

Multicellular

Movement and nervous systems

Heterotrophic metabolism

Internal digestion

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2
Q

What are the 3 morphological synapomorphies between all animals?

A

The extracellular matrix is made of collagen and proteoglycans.

They have unique cell junctions.

They have similarities in body plan organization, which is closely related to the shared possession of the hox and other developmental genes.

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3
Q

Which three cell junctions are unique to animals?

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

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4
Q

What theory do the similarities in body plan organization and the shared possession of the hox and other developmental genes support?

A

That all animals descended from a common ancestor; monophyly

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5
Q

Describe the common ancestor of animals.

A

May have been a colonial flagellated protist, similar to choanoflagellates, which are similar to multicellular sponges.

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6
Q

Why did the flagellated protists form colonies?

A

It was more efficient for gathering food.

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7
Q

What are some clues to evolutionary relationships among animal groups?

A

Fossils

Patterns of embryonic development

Morphology and physiology

Protein structure

Gene sequences

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8
Q

Major animals groups can be differentiated by examining differences in basic __________________.

A

developmental patterns

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9
Q

Animals groups can be differentiated by their cleavage pattern. What is cleavage?

A

the first few divisions of a zygote

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10
Q

What is radial cleavage?

A

Cells divide completely and evenly.

Cells are parallel and perpendicular.

Radially symmetric around central axis

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11
Q

What is spiral cleavage?

A

Complex, derived form of radial cleavage.

Cells divide diagonally, generally resulting in asymmetry.

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12
Q

Distinct cell layers an also be a way to differentiate between major groups. What are the three groups with a different number of cell layers, how many, and which cell layers do they have?

A

Monoblastic: 1 cell layer

Diploblastic: 2 cell layers, ectoderm and endoderm

Triploblastic: 3 cell layers, ectoderm mesoderm, and endoderm

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13
Q

After a couple rounds of cleavage, the mass of cells becomes a _________, which is a hollow, tennis ball-shaped structure with fluid inside called __________.

A

blastula; blastocoel

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14
Q

The blastula undergoes _____________ which forms a ________.

A

gastrulation; gastrula

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15
Q

Gastrulation is when the blastopore forms. What is a blastopore?

A

The blastopore is an indent or opening that eventually becomes the mouth or anus.

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16
Q

Triploblastic animals can be divided into two based on the fate of their blastopore. What are the two groups?

A

Protostomes and deuterostomes

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17
Q

What happens to the blastopore in protostomes?

A

The mouth develops first, and the anus develops from a second opening.

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18
Q

What happens to the blastopore in deuterostomes?

A

The anus develops first and the mouth develops later.

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19
Q

What kind of symmetry do protostomes and deuterostomes have?

A

They are both bilaterians.

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20
Q

All triploblastic animals have ________ symmetry.

A

bilateral

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21
Q

What are the 5 features related to body plan that vary among animals?

A

Body symmetry

Body cavity structure

Segmentation

External appendages

Development of nervous system

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22
Q

What is body plan referring to?

A

The general structure and arrangement of organ systems

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23
Q

Symmetry is present if the animal can be divided into similar halves on at least one plane. If it cannot, it is considered _________. Name some examples of these animals.

A

asymmetric; placozoans and sponges

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24
Q

If an animal has one main axis around which body parts are arranged, it is considered ___________ symmetric. Name some examples of these animals.

A

radially; ctenophores, cnidarians, and adult echidnoderms

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25
Q

If an animal can be divided into two mirror image halves on one plane, and generally moves in one direction, it is considered __________ symmetric. Humans are one example of this.

A

bilaterally

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26
Q

What are the three different axes of bilateral animals?

A

right and left; anterior and posterior; dorsal and ventral

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27
Q

What is the anterior side?

A

the head

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28
Q

What is the posterior side?

A

the rear

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29
Q

What is the dorsal side?

A

the back

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30
Q

What is the ventral side?

A

the belly

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31
Q

Bilateral symmetry is correlated with ________________, the concentration of sensory organs and nervous tissue at the anterior end or head.

A

cephalization

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32
Q

Because the anterior end encounters the environment first, cephalization has been evolutionarily __________. Think about how proximity relates to signals traveling through neurons at quicker speeds.

A

favored

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33
Q

The structure of the internal fluid-filled body cavity can influence animal ________.

A

movement

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34
Q

Based on the structure of the fluid cavity, triploblastic animals can be divided into three groups. What are they?

A

Acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates

35
Q

Describe acoelomates.

A

No fluid-filled body cavity

Space between gut and body wall is filled with cells called mesenchyme

Movement is by cilia

36
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

connective tissue in acoelomates that fills the body cavity

37
Q

Describe pseudocoelomates.

A

Body cavity is a pseudocoel

Muscles are only on the outside

38
Q

What is pseudocoel?

A

a fluid-filled space in which organs are suspended

39
Q

Describe coelomates.

A

Body cavity called coelom develops within the mesoderm.

Lined with a layer of tissue called peritoneum, which also covers the organs.

More control over movements of fluids in the body cavity.

40
Q

Name one example of an acoelomate.

A

flatworm

41
Q

Name one example of a pseudocoelomate.

A

roundworm

42
Q

Name one example of a coelomate.

A

earthworm

43
Q

Body cavities can act as ______________, they contain ______________.

A

hydrostatic skeletons; coelomic fluid

44
Q

How does a hydrostatic skeleton aid in structure and movement?

A

pressure of the fluid can provide structural support

when muscles contract, they push fluid to another part of the cavity, which causes that region to expand, allowing for controlled movement

45
Q

If an animal has both __________ and ____________ muscles, it has greater control over movement.

A

circular and longitudinal

46
Q

Segmentation facilitates ____________ of body regions.

A

specialization

47
Q

Are segments that are part of the same organism similar or different?

A

They could be both similar and different

48
Q

Segmentation is not always apparent ___________.

A

externally

49
Q

Segmentation allows animals to alter ____________ and control ____________ precisely.

A

body shape; movements

50
Q

External appendages have many uses. Name one of them, and why it is important.

A

Locomotion is important for finding food, finding mates, and avoiding predators.

51
Q

Echinoderms have ____ feet to move across the substrate slowly.

A

tube

52
Q

Some ______ are highly specialized for rapid, controlled movements, like those of a leopard.

A

limbs

53
Q

Arthropods and vertebrates have __________ limbs.

A

jointed

54
Q

Limbs were modified into _______ in insects, pterosaurs, birds, and bats.

A

wings

55
Q

What are some other uses for appendages aside from locomotion?

A

Sensing the environment (antennae)

Capturing prey or chewing food (claws and mouth parts)

Reproduction (sperm transfer or egg incubation)

56
Q

Name two groups of animals that don’t have nervous systems.

A

sponges and placozoans

57
Q

___________ are diffuse nervous systems that ctenophores and cnidarians have.

A

Nerve nets

58
Q

What does it mean if a nervous system is diffuse?

A

The neurons are not concentrated like in systems with cephalization. Instead they are evenly distributed across an organism.

59
Q

Bilaterians have ___________ nervous systems.

A

central

60
Q

What is the function of the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Coordinates muscle action and movement of body parts.

Processes all sensory information.

61
Q

Animals are _________________, which means they must expend energy to obtain food from the environment.

A

heterotrophs

62
Q

Motile animals can _______________________________ to where food is located.

A

move through the environment

63
Q

Sessile animals _________________; they must move the food to themselves.

A

stay in one place

64
Q

Name the major feeding strategies of animals.

A

Filters feeders, predators, herbivores, detritivores, parasites, omnivores

65
Q

______________ use straining devices to filter small organisms and organic molecule from water.

A

Filter feeders

66
Q

Many filter feeders are _________ and aquatic, and rely on water current to bring food to them, or expend energy to move water past their straining devices.

A

sessile

67
Q

Motile filter feeders move their filters through the water manually. What are two examples of these?

A

Baleen whales and flamingoes

68
Q

____________ eat plants or parts of plants. The plant is usually not killed (unlike prey and predator relationship).

A

Herbivores

69
Q

Many kinds of herbivores feed on a ________ type of plant.

A

single

70
Q

Because land plants have tissues that are difficult to digest and also defensive chemicals, herbivores have coevolved to have _____________________ for digestion of plant materials.

A

long, complex guts

71
Q

___________ capture and subdue other animals.

A

Predators

72
Q

Predators have structures such as _________________ and well developed ________________ to detect prey.

A

sharp teeth and claws; sensory organs

73
Q

______________ such as humans and raccoons, eat both plants and animals.

A

Omnivores

74
Q

_____________ live in or on another animal, the host.

A

Parasites

75
Q

Parasites are often much __________ than their host, and the host is not usually killed.

A

smaller

76
Q

Parasites often have __________ life cycles.

A

complex

77
Q

What are endoparaites?

A

Endoparasites live inside the host, often have no digestive system, and absorb food directly from host.

78
Q

What are ectoparasites?

A

Ectoparasites live on the outside of the host and often have mouthparts to pierce.

79
Q

What are some examples of endoparasites?

A

flatworms and tapeworms

80
Q

Name some examples of ectoparasites.

A

fleas, ticks, and leeches

81
Q

________________, or _________________, feed on dead bodies and decompose organic matter (detritus).

A

Detritivores; decomposers

82
Q

What are the ecosystem functions of detritivores?

A

Detritivores return organic material to the environment for other organisms to use

83
Q

What are some examples of animal detritivores?

A

earthworms, millipedes, many insects, and crustaceans

BIOL 1211 (52 decks)

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