Section 27.2 (Exam 2)

Question 1

Gymnosperms (“naked-seeded”): ovules and seeds are not protected by ________________________.

Answer 1

ovary or fruit tissue

Question 2

Gymnosperms don’t form ___________________.

Answer 2

flowers or fruits

Question 3

What are the 4 types of gymnosperms?

Answer 3

Cycads, Gingkos, Gnetophytes, Conifers

Question 4

How many species of Cycads are there, and what kind of biomes do they live in?

Answer 4

300 species; tropical and subtropical

Question 5

How many species of Ginkgos are there? Name some Ginkgos that are alive today.

Answer 5

One living species, Ginkgo biloba

Question 6

How many species of gnetophytes are there?

Answer 6

90 species

Question 7

How many species of conifers are there? Name some types of conifers.

Answer 7

700 species; cone bearers, pines, spruces and redwood

Question 8

All living gymnosperms except gnetophytes have __________ for water conduction and support.

Answer 8

tracheids

Question 9

Gymnosperms were dominant during the ____________, until about 65 million years ago.

Answer 9

Mesozoic

Question 10

Conifers today dominate many forests, specifically at high ______________.

Answer 10

latitudes and altitudes

Question 11

The oldest living organism on earth is a ______________ that germinated about _______ years ago.

Answer 11

bristlecone pine; 5000

Question 12

In conifers, male and female cones contain the ______________________.

Answer 12

reproductive structures

Question 13

What is the megastrobilus also called? Their seeds are protected by a ____________________, which are modifications of __________.

Answer 13

Ovulate cones; tight cluster of woody scales; branches

Question 14

What is the microstrobilus also called? They are typically not woody. Their scales are modified ________, and beneath them are _________________.

Answer 14

Stamenate cones; leaves; pollen-bearing microsporangia

Question 15

In the pine life cycle, wind carries pollen grains from __________________________.

Answer 15

male to female cones.

Question 16

In the pine life cycle, a pollen grain enters through an opening in the __________ called the ____________.

Answer 16

integument; micropyle

Question 17

In the pine life cycle, two sperm travel through the pollen tube, one fertilizes the egg, the other ____________.

Answer 17

degenerates

Question 18

In the pine life cycle, the microsporangium in the ______ of the microstrobilus become a bunch of _____________ via _________.

Answer 18

scales; microspores; meiosis

Question 19

In the pine life cycles, the microspores become _______________, which get carried by the ______ to the female gametophyte, the ___.

Answer 19

pollen grains; wind; egg

Question 20

In the pine life cycle, the scale of the megastrobilus contains the ________, which contains the __________ and the ______________.

Answer 20

ovule; integument; megasporangium

Question 21

What is the integument?

Answer 21

A hard protective layer around the embryo

Question 22

In the pine life cycle, the megasporangium contains one diploid ______________. This undergoes _________, and becomes 4 haploid ___________.

Answer 22

Megasporocyte; meiosis; megaspores

Question 23

In the pine life cycle, out of these ____ megaspores, ___ survives and the others degenerate.

Answer 23

four; one

Question 24

In the pine life cycle, when there is one megaspore left, what happens next?

Answer 24

The pollen grain enters through the micropyle and travels through a pollen tube and fertilizes the egg which becomes a zygote, which is the early sporophyte (2n).

Question 25

In the pine life cycle, this zygote is contained within a _________________, which is contained within the scale of the ______________. It contains the __________ seeds.

Answer 25

female gametophyte; megastrobilus; winged

Question 26

In the pine life cycle, the female gametophyte provides __________ to the developing embryo, which eventually grows into a __________ (sporophyte).

Answer 26

nutrition; pine tree

Question 27

Most conifer are born on the upper surfaces of the ___________. These are tightly pressed to proctect the _______.

Answer 27

cone scales; seed

Question 28

Some pinecone scales, like _______________, can only be opened by fire. This helps ensure growth after wildfires.

Answer 28

lodgepole pines

Question 29

Some conifers have soft, fleshy, fruit-like cone tissue surrounding seeds. One example of this are __________ berries.

Answer 29

juniper

Question 30

Other conifers have fruitlike extensions of the seeds called arils, one example being __________ berries.

Answer 30

yew

Question 31

Animal can eat both juniper and yew “berries”, and _________ the seeds through their feces.

Answer 31

disperse