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BIOL 1211 > Section 24.2 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Section 24.2 (Exam 1) Flashcards

Prokaryote Diversity Reflects the Ancient Origins of Life

1
Q

What are the 8 groups of bacteria that have received the most study?

A

Hadobacteria, Hyperthermophilic bacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Spirochete, Chlamydias, Proteobacteria

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2
Q

Define extremophiles.

A

Extremophiles thrive in extreme conditions that would kill most other organisms.

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3
Q

Hadobacteria are _________. Name some examples of hadobacteria.

A

Thermophiles; Deinococcus and Thermus aquaticus

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4
Q

Describe some characteristics of the hadobacteria Deinococcus

A

Resistant to radiation, consume nuclear waste, survive in both extreme cold and heat

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5
Q

Describe some characteristics of the hadobacteria Thermus aquaticus.

A

found in a hot spring, source of thermally stable DNA polymerase, critical for development of PCR (Polymerase chain reaction, used to amplify DNA sequences)

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6
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A

an enzyme that copies DNA strands

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7
Q

Hyperthermophilic bacteria are extreme thermophiles. They live in hot springs, near volcanic vents, deep oil deposits, and other hot environments. Name two hyperthermophilic bacteria.

A

Aquifex and Thermotoga

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8
Q

Where do Aquifex live?

A

Volcanic vents

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9
Q

Where do Thermotoga live?

A

Oil reserves

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10
Q

What does it mean to be low or high-GC?

A

Low-GC means a low ratio of G-C to A-T base pairs in DNA. High-GC means more G-C than A-T.

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11
Q

Firmicutes are low or high GC? Are they Gram-positive or negative?

A

low-GC; Gram-positive

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12
Q

Some firmicutes produce ___________, heat resistant resting structures with tough cell walls and spore coats that can survive harsh conditions because they are dormant.

A

endospores

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13
Q

Name some firmicutes.

A

Clostridium, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Mycoplasmas

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14
Q

What can Clostridium (a type of firmicute) cause?

A

botulism and tetanus

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15
Q

When do bacillus anthracis (anthrax, also a type of firmicute) endospores activate?

A

When they sense the presence of macrophages in mammal blood.

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16
Q

Staphylococcus bacteria (a type of firmicute) can cause what kinds of problems?

A

Boils and skin problems.

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17
Q

What does Staphylococcus aureus cause?

A

Skin diseases, respiratory infections, and intestinal infections.

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18
Q

What are some characteristics of mycoplasmas?

A

They have no cell wall, they are extremely small, and they have less than half as much DNA as other prokaryotes.

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19
Q

Actinobacteria are low or high GC? Are they Gram-positive or negative?

A

high-GC; Gram-positive

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20
Q

What are some characteristics of actinobacteria?

A

Elaborately branching filaments, some reproduce by forming chains of spores at filament tips, most antibiotics come from actinobacteria

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21
Q

What are some examples of actinobacteria?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Streptomyces (produce streptomycin).

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22
Q

What are some characteristics of cyanobacteria?

A

blue-green, photosynthetic, use chlorophyll a, many species fix nitrogen, have internal membrane system

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23
Q

What are photosynthetic lamellae?

A

The internal membrane system of cyanobacteria that performs photosynthesis.

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24
Q

What are eukaryote chloroplasts derived from?

A

Endosymbiotic cyanobacteria

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25
Q

Are cyanobacteria free-living or colonial?

A

They can be either!

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26
Q

Some colonies of cyanobacteria differentiate. What can they differentiate into?

A

Vegetative cells, spores, or heterocysts

27
Q

What do vegetative cells do?

A

Perform photosynthetic functions.

28
Q

What is the purpose of spores in cyanobacteria?

A

To endure harsh conditions and environments. The cells can lie dormant, and activate whenever they reach an environment they can survive in.

29
Q

What are heterocysts and what do they do?

A

Heterocysts are specialized cyanobacteria cells that can fix nitrogen from nitrogen gas (N2) into a usable form like ammonia (NH3)

30
Q

Name some characteristics of spirochetes.

A

Gram-negative, motile, unique axial filaments (modified flagella) resulting in corkscrew-like movement, many human parasites and pathogens

31
Q

Name some types of spirochetes.

A

Syphillis and Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

32
Q

Name some characteristics of chlamydia.

A

Very small, Gram-negative cocci, pathogens, take up ATP from host using translocase, complex life cycle with two forms

33
Q

What are the two forms of the complex life cycle of chlamydia, and how does chlamydia cycle between them?

A

Elementary bodies grow into reticulate bodies, which multiply into elementary bodies.

34
Q

What problems can chlamydias cause?

A

They are pathogens that can cause eye infections, STDs, and some forms of pneumonia.

35
Q

Proteobacteria is the ___________ group of bacteria, meaning high diversity,

A

largest

36
Q

Eukaryote mitochondria are derived from an endosymbiotic _____________.

A

proteobacterium

37
Q

What are some examples of proteobacteria?

A

E. coli, Rhizobium (rhizobacteria, nitrogen-fixers), Yersinia pestis, salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio cholerae, agrobacterium tumefaciens

38
Q

What is Yersinia pestis, a proteobacterium, commonly known as?

A

bubonic plague

39
Q

What is salmonella typhimurium, a proteobacterium, commonly known as?

A

Salmonella, a type of gastrointestinal disease

40
Q

What is Vibrio cholerae, a proteobacterium, commonly known as?

A

Cholera

41
Q

Some proteobacterium do photosynthesis using __________________ as an electron donor, producing sulfur as a byproduct.

A

hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

42
Q

Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes a type of plant tumor called ____________. It also has a plasmid used as a vector in recombinant DNA technology.

A

Crown gall

43
Q

Archaea being a separate domain was originally based on _________________.

A

rRNA gene sequencing

44
Q

Archaea are famous for living in __________________, such as high salinity, high temperatures, high or low pH, and low oxygen.

A

extreme conditions

45
Q

Not all Archaea are extremophiles. True or False?

A

True

46
Q

Archaea do not have _______________ in their cell walls, but Bacteria do.

A

peptidoglycan

47
Q

Bacterial and eukaryotic membrane lipids have fatty acids connected to glycerol by ________ linkages.

A

ester

48
Q

Archaea membrane lipids have fatty acids linked to glycerol by _________ linkages.

A

ether

49
Q

Archaea have lipids with _______________________ chains.

A

branched hydrocarbon

50
Q

Like bacteria and eukaryotes, some archaea have cell membranes that consist of a _________________.

A

lipid bilayer

51
Q

Unlike bacteria and eukaryotes, some archaea have long-chain hydrocarbons that span the cell membrane, which is formed by a ________________.

A

lipid monolayer

52
Q

What are the 5 lineages of prokaryote archaea?

A

Euyarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, Korarchaeota, Lokiarchaeota

53
Q

What are some types of euryarchaeotes?

A

Some are methanogens and some are halophiles.

54
Q

What are methanogens?

A

They produce methane by reducing CO2, and are obligate anaerobes. They live in the guts of grazing mammals (cows), termites, and cockroaches.

55
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

They can only survive without oxygen. Thus, the anaerobic aspect of them is obligatory.

56
Q

What are extreme halophiles?

A

They love salt, and have pink carotenoid pigments. They also live in extremely alkaline (basic) environments.

57
Q

Some halophiles have a unique system for using light to form ATP using the light-absorbing molecule ________________.

A

bacteriorhodopsin

58
Q

Thermoplasma is a type of euryarchaeote. Name some of its characteristics.

A

Thermophilic and acidophilic, aerobic metabolism, no cell wall, lives in coal deposits, smallest genome of archaea (like mycoplasma)

59
Q

Most crenarchaeotes are _____________________.

A

thermophilic, acidophilic, or both

60
Q

Example of a crenarchaeote that lives in hot sulfur springs that have a pH of 2-3.

A

Sulfolobus

61
Q

Korarchaeotes and thaumarchaeotes are only known from DNA isolated directly from __________________. None of these have been grown in pure culture.

A

hot environments

62
Q

Thaumarchaeotes oxidize __________ and may play an important role in the nitrogen cycle.

A

ammonia (NH3)

63
Q

Lokiarchaeotes were discovered in 2015 by sequencing environmental samples from a hydrothermal vent. They are very similar, and the closest known prokaryotic relative of _____________.

A

eukaryotes

64
Q

Which firmicutes produce endospores?

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

BIOL 1211 (52 decks)

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