Science Midterm Flashcards
the study of matter and movement of God’s physical creation
science
a tentative explanation
hypothesis
means that a scientist will obtain consistent results if he performs the same experiment many times, keeping all factors as similar as possible between experiments
repeatability
the ability of other scientists to reach the same conclusion by performing the same experiment under different conditions and by performing other experiments under different conditions
reproducibility
the factor measured to determine the results of an experiment
dependent variable
a group in which the independent variable is absent
control group
a set of conclusions supported by scientific hypotheses and repeated experimentation that describes why a law works
theory
a statement, grounded in a theory, of what should naturally occur under a given set of conditions
scientific law
the four limitations of science
scope of science, approximations, bias, assumptions
two reasons to study science are _____ and _____
glorify God and man’s benefit
the study of reasoning
logic
a statement of fact
proposition
in logic, an argument is considered ____ if the inference logically follows from the premises
valid
the use of science to solve practical problems
technology
a model of a design used for testing
prototype
anything that provides a partial representation of something else
model
the study of the nonliving creation other than the earth and space
physical science
the substance of the physical world; anything that has inertia
matter
the amount of space that matter takes up
volume
the study of interactions between matter and energy
physics
the study of the composition and interactions of matter
chemistry
the fourth state of matter that exists at extremely high temperatures
plasma
the most important part of an equation
equal sign
the language of science
mathematics
the closeness of a measurement to
the quantity’s actual value.
accuracy
refers to how closely several measurements match each other
precision
for measured data to be meaningful, it must include _____
units
the system with meticulously defined standards
SI system
the coldest possible temperature
absolute zero
formula for density
p = m / v (density = mass / volume)
density will always be measured in _____
g / cm cubed
1 mL = ______
1 cm cubed
formula for pressure
P = F / A (pressure = force / area)
formula for acceleration
a = v(final) - v (initial) / time
formula for velocity
v = d / t (velocity = displacement / time)
formula for force
f = ma (force = mass x acceleration)
formula for Boyle’s law
P1V1 = P2V2
formula for Charles’s law
V1/T1 = V2/T2
formula for Amontons’s law
P1/T1 = P2/T2
formula for wave speed
v = λf (speed = wavelength x frequency)
the branch of physics developed after 1900
modern physics
the branch of physics developed before 1900
classical physics
a measure with only magnitude
scalar
a measure with both magnitude and direction
vector
the Greek symbol that means “change in”
delta
what is the Pythagorean theorem
a squared + b squared = c squared
what is the measure of how quickly an object moves
speed
the change in position divided by time
velocity
any change in velocity
acceleration
an acceleration opposite the direction of motion
deceleration
states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
third law of motion
the pushing or pulling action of one object upon another
force
states that the velocity of an object does not change unless that object is acted upon by an outside force
first law of motion
what law states that F = ma
second law of motion
the gravitational force exerted on an object that we perceive
weight
what is the acceleration due to gravity?
9.81 m / s squared
the speed at which a falling object will stop increasing speed
terminal velocity
the resistance arising to an object’s motion through a fluid or across a surface
friction
what is the transfer of energy from one object to another by force
work
the rate of doing work is ______
power
the product of mass and velocity is ____
momentum
devices for doing work
machines
the pivot point of a lever
fulcrum
a combination of one or more fixed and movable pulleys
block and tackle
a simple machine with two inclined planes back to back
wedge
the distance from one of the ridges or threads on the screw’s shaft to the next
pitch
matter that has no definite shape and can flow
fluid
atoms or molecules of the same substance held together by attraction
cohesion
the attraction of molecules or atoms of other substances
adhesion
the phenomenon in which liquids in thin tubes rise above or fall beneath their own levels
capillarity
the SI unit of pressure
Pascal
an airtight reservoir of a liquid opening into two cylinders of different diameters fitted with movable pistons
hydraulic press
the ability of a gas to be easily squeezed and compacted into smaller containers
compressibility
a device used to measure air pressure
barometer
an empty space with no matter
vacuum
an upward force exerted by a fluid on a solid object placed in the fluid
buoyancy
states that the buoyant force experienced by an object is exactly equal to the fluid displaced
Archimedes’ principle
the point at which an object is completely submerged but not sinking
neutral buoyancy
the science of shaping objects to allow the smooth flow of fluids around them and reduce drag
streamlining
a force on an object that is generated by relative motion between the object and a fluid and is perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow
lift
an object designed to produce lift as it moves relative to a fluid
foil
the ability to do work and change matter
energy
the SI unit of work
Joule
_____ discovered the particle theory of light
Sir Isaac Newton
_______ discovered the wave theory of light
Christiaan Huygens
discovered the light is an electromagnetic wave
James Clerk Maxwell
the idea that light is a stream of tiny particles emitted by a light source
particle theory of light
the idea that light actually consists of waves, not particles
wave theory of light
_______ discovered that light is an invisible electromagnetic wave
Heinrich Hertz
the absence of color
black
the twinkling of stars
scintillation
what are the subtractive primary colors
cyan, yellow, and magenta
what are the additive primary colors
blue, red, and green
cells in the eyes that see color
cones
states that light has both a wave nature and a particle nature
quantum theory of light
electromagnetic waves traveling as photons
light
tiny bundles of energy
photons
electromagnetic waves that the human eye can perceive
visible light
a mixture of all the colors of light
white
a mirror in which the reflecting surface is inside the spherical surface
concave mirror
a mirror in which the reflecting surface is outside the spherical surface
convex mirror
a piece of glass or other substance specifically designed to refract light
lens
lens that curves outward and causes rays of light passing through it to bend inward and converge on a point
convex lens
lens that curves inward, like the opening of a cave, and causes rays of light passing through it to bend outward
concave lens
occurs when the light rays from a distant object are refracted by heated air so that the object appears to be nearby
mirage
a semicircular arc of colored bands of light that forms in the sky when millions of airborne water droplets act like tiny prisms
rainbow
the phenomenon in which colors are produced on the surface of an object by interference
iridescence
light fringes that result from constructive interference of light waves
antinodes
dark fringes that result from constructive interference of light waves
node
when a beam of light’s rays are all aligned in the same direction it is said to be _________
polarized
an arrangement of all forms of electromagnetic radiation in order of frequency and wavelength
electromagnetic spectrum
the two types of rays that radar uses are _______ and ________
radio and microwaves
______ discovered that the energy of electromagnetic waves depends on its frequency
Max Planck
the process where a single photon is emitted by an excited electron
spontaneous emission
the process of photon emission by stimulation of already-excited atoms
stimulated emission
list the three laser characteristics
coherent, extremely intense, monochromatic
a device that generates and amplifies high-energy beams of light using stimulated emission
laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)
the use of laser beams to transmit signals through narrow glass cables
fiber optics
a 3 dimensional image produced by laser light
hologram
MERRY CHRISTMAS!!!
describes the behavior of objects traveling near the speed of light
special theory of relativity
the apparent slowdown in time for a rapidly moving object
time dilation
proposes that gravity is a result of the geometry of space itself
general theory of relativity
apparent contraction in length, which results from the apparent slowdown of time
Lorentz contraction
what two things are affected by a high gravitational field
time and length
which fundamental force has almost no effect on potential energy
weak nuclear force
the fundamental force that holds the nucleus together
strong nuclear force
an attractive force between all material objects
gravitational force
one of the four potential energies of the electromagnetic force
magnetic potential energy
MERRY CHRISTMAS!
what is the speed of light
3.00 x 10 to the 8th m /s
