Science 13.1-13.2 Flashcards
the organized study of the composition and interactions of matter
chemistry
the foundation for the understanding of matter
atomic theory of matter
discovered the atomic theory of matter
Dalton
tiny particles that compose all matter
atoms
a substance composed of a single type of atom
element
a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements bonded together
compound
a substance that is composed of several pure substances that are physically mixed but not chemically united
mixture
a unique abbreviation given to each element
chemical symbol
any of the smaller particles of matter of which atoms are composed
subatomic particles
the dense central core of an atom made of protons and neutrons
nucleus
subatomic particle that carries a positive electrical charge and determines the identity of an atom
proton
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic number
subatomic particle that is electrically neutral with no electrical charge
neutron
any of a group of atoms that are the same element but have different numbers of neutrons
isotopes
any of the small particles that compose protons and neutrons
quarks
______ quarks are necessary to make a proton or a neutron (number of quarks)
three
subatomic particle that is found outside the nucleus and carries a negative electrical charge equal in strength to a proton’s positive charge
electron
any of the concentric layers surrounding the nucleus in which electrons can be found
electron shell
an atom that has an electric charge because of losing or gaining electrons
ion
positive ion
cation
negative ion
anion
the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom or isotope
mass number
a unit used to measure the masses of atoms
atomic mass unit
the average mass of all the natural isotopes of an element, calculated according to the isotopes’ relative abundances
average atomic mass
the theory stating that tiny particles like electrons do not absorb or release energy in a smooth flow
quantum theory
discovered the quantum theory
Planck
occurs when an electron changes energy levels
quantum jump
the most familiar model of the atom, which pictures the nucleus surrounded by electrons that move in circular orbits at specific energy levels
Bohr model
an atomic model that describes electrons as waves around the nucleus
wave-mechanical model
discovered the wave-mechanical model
Shrodinger
the principle stating that it is impossible to measure both the position and velocity of an electron with certainty
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
a model of the atom that interprets the mathematical equations of the wave-mechanical model representing the probability of finding an electron at a given point
electron-cloud model
discovered the electron-cloud model
Born
the region within an atom in which electrons move
orbital
a set of numbers that mathematically represent the overall motion of an electron
quantum numbers
the principle stating that no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers
Pauli exclusion principle
