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9th Grade Flashcards > Physical Science Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Physical Science Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

a back and forth motion that transmits energy

A

wave

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2
Q

a substance through which a wave transfers its energy

A

medium (media is plural)

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3
Q

a portion of a wave that only has a crest or only a trough

A

wave pulse

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4
Q

a wave in which particles of the transmitting medium oscillate at right angles to the direction of wave travel

A

transverse wave

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5
Q

a series of waves

A

wave train

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6
Q

high point on a wave

A

crest

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7
Q

low point on a wave

A

trough

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8
Q

a wave in which particles of the transmitting medium oscillate in the direction of wave motion

A

longitudinal wave

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9
Q

the pulse of a longitudinal wave in which particles of the transmitting medium are squeezed together

A

compression pulse

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10
Q

the pulse of a longitudinal wave in which particles of the transmitting medium are spread out

A

rarefaction pulse

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11
Q

a spring that is stretched or compressed will produce a restorative force that resists the stretching or compression

A

Hooke’s law

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12
Q

an oscillation caused by a restorative force that is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium

A

simple harmonic motion

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13
Q

the length of a single wave

A

wavelength

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14
Q

the maximum distance that particles are displaced by a wave

A

amplitude

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15
Q

the number of waves that pass a given point per unit time

A

frequency

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16
Q

the time needed for one cycle of a repeating process like the swing of a pendulum or the passing of a wave

A

period

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17
Q

the rate at which a wave travels through a medium

A

speed

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18
Q

a change in the course of a wave as a result of a collision with an object or boundary

A

reflection

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19
Q

waves that strike the boundary

A

incident waves

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20
Q

waves that “bounce” off the boundary

A

reflected waves

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21
Q

states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection

A

law of reflection

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22
Q

the bending of a path of a wave as a result of the change in wave speed

A

refraction

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23
Q

the spreading out of a wave after it passes around an obstacle or through a narrow gap

A

diffraction

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24
Q

the mutual reinforcement or cancellation that occurs when two or more waves meet

A

interference

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25
Q

when two crests or two troughs meet

A

constructive interference

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26
Q

when a crest meets a trough

A

destructive interference

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27
Q

when waves completely cancel each other out

A

complete destructive interference

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28
Q

the vibration traveling through a medium in the form of longitudinal pressure waves

A

sound

29
Q

the strength of a sound wave

A

intensity

30
Q

the effect of intensity on the way the human ear perceives sound

A

loudness

31
Q

a measure of sound intensity that better reflects perceived loudness

A

sound intensity level

32
Q

the unit of sound intensity

A

Decibel

33
Q

the effect of frequency on the way the human ear perceives sound

A

pitch

34
Q

sound in the audible frequency range of human hearing

A

audible sound

35
Q

sounds with pitches below the audible range

A

infrasonic

36
Q

sounds with pitches above the audible range

A

ultrasonic

37
Q

the change in frequency caused by an object’s motion

A

Doppler effect

38
Q

Speed of sound at 0℃ is ___

A

331 m / s

39
Q

a speed above the speed of sound

A

supersonic

40
Q

a speed below the speed of sound

A

subsonic

41
Q

a violent compression pulse produced by constructive interference between waves produced by an object moving at supersonic speeds

A

shock wave

42
Q

a loud noise caused by the shock wave from traveling at supersonic speeds

A

sonic boom

43
Q

multiple reflections that cause persistence of sound

A

reverberation

44
Q

a sound heard distinctly after being reflected from some object

A

echo

45
Q

a system that emits sound waves underwater and analyzes the echoes reflected from submerged objects to determine the size, distance, and direction

A

sonar

46
Q

the procedure for calculating distance by measuring the time interval that elapsed between the sending of a sound wave and the return of an echo

A

echo ranging

47
Q

the process of dissipating the energy of sound waves in matter

A

absorption

48
Q

the study of sound

A

acoustics

49
Q

a series of organized sound waves with specific pitches that have been deliberately arranged

A

music

50
Q

random sound with no intended pattern

A

noise

51
Q

a sound of definite pitch

A

note

52
Q

the difference in pitch between a musical note and a second note that has twice the frequency of the first note

A

octave

53
Q

the result of two musical notes interfering harmoniously

A

consonance

54
Q

the result of two musical notes interfering in a disagreeable way

A

dissonance

55
Q

the distance between two notes

A

interval

56
Q

a burst of louder sound occurring when interfering sound waves are perceived as a single pulsating sound

A

beat

57
Q

the lowest-frequency of the different sounds produced when an instrument plays a note

A

fundamental

58
Q

any of the sounds that are produced when an instrument plays a musical note and that are at higher frequencies than the fundamental

A

overtone

59
Q

the series showing the frequency relationships between a fundamental and its overtones

A

harmonic series

60
Q

the sound quality of a musical instrument

A

timbre

61
Q

any frequency in the set of frequencies at which an object vibrates

A

natural frequency

62
Q

a situation in which a driving frequency of an object is the same as or nearly the same as one of the object’s natural frequencies

A

resonance

63
Q

an opening to a hollow body that is next to the strings or membrane

A

resonator

64
Q

the time it takes for a wave to pass a point

A

period

65
Q

the inverse of a period

A

frequency

66
Q

the main factor affecting the speed of sound in air

A

temperature

67
Q

formula for frequency

A

f = N / t (frequency = number of waves / time)

68
Q

formula for speed

A

v = λf (speed = wavelength x frequency)

69
Q

formula for period

A

T = t / N (period = time / number of waves)

9th Grade Flashcards (76 decks)

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