Science Chapters 5-6 + End of 4 Flashcards
the Greek mathematician who discovered that fluids exert a buoyant force upon objects within them
Archimedes
an upward force exerted by a fluid on a solid object placed in the fluid
buoyancy
the principle stating that the buoyant force experienced by an object is exactly equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
Archimedes’ principle
a vessel that is designed to operate below the surface of the water, but can also float on the surface
submarine
when an object is completely submerged but not sinking
neutral buoyancy
resistance of any object moving through a fluid
drag
science of shaping objects to allow the smooth flow of fluids around them and reduce drag
streamlining
a force on an object that is generated by relative motion between the object and a fluid and is perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow
lift
the ability to do work and change matter
energy
energy of motion
kinetic energy
the law stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred
law of conservation of energy
the principle stating that mass and energy can be considered two different ways of measuring the same physical property
mass-energy equivalence
the law stating that the sum of mass and energy is constant
law of conservation of mass and energy
the energy of an entire object moving
whole-body kinetic energy
simplest form of motion
translational motion
whole-body kinetic energy caused by translational motion
translational kinetic energy
natural forces that cause potential energy
fundamental forces
attractive force between all material objects
gravitational force
a force that affects certain subatomic particles; stronger than the gravitational force but weaker than the electromagnetic force
weak nuclear force
second-strongest fundamental force, which affects only objects with an electric charge
electromagnetic force
energy resulting from the chemical combination of atoms into molecules
chemical energy
the strongest fundamental force, which acts only within atomic nuclei and combines subatomic particles together to form the nucleus of an atom
strong nuclear force
internal energy that an object has because of random motions of its individual molecules
thermal energy
the state in which no thermal energy is transferred between objects because they are at the same temperature
thermal equilibrium
transfer of thermal energy from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature
heat
amount of heat needed to change its temperature by a certain amount
heat capacity
the ratio of an object’s heat capacity to the object’s mass
specific heat
device designed to measure the heat involved in physical and chemical changes
calorimeter
a device that automatically regulates temperature
thermostat
a device consisting of two metal strips that are bonded together that bends in response to temperature changes
bimetallic strip
the transfer of a property like thermal energy (heat) or electric charge through direct contact
conduction
transfer of heat by moving fluids
convection
a transfer of heat without matter as radiant energy
radiation
a type of double-walled container designed to minimize transfer of heat
Dewar flask
a home heating system in which water is heated by a boiler and pumped to radiators in the various rooms of a house
hot-water heating system
a home-heating system that warms air with a furnace and uses a blower or fan to circulate air through a network of ducts
forced-warm-air system
branch of physics that deals with thermal energy, heat, and their relationships to other forms of energy and energy transfer
thermodynamics
matter or portion of the universe being studied
system
entire universe except the system
surroundings
an invisible and weightless fluid that created and removed heat
caloric
the law stating that the energy gained (or lost) by a system is equal to the energy lost (or gained) by its surroundings
first law of thermodynamics
sometimes considered the founder of the science of thermodynamics
Sadi Carnot
theoretical device that would generate the maximum possible amount of work from a given amount of heat
Carnot engine
natural processes go only one way, toward less usable energy and greater disorder; implies that the universe is not improving but is instead running down
second law of thermodynamics
the measure of the amount of disorder in a system
entropy
the changing of a solid into a liquid
melting
the changing of a liquid into a solid
freezing
the phenomenon in which the freezing point of a liquid is lowered by the addition of solutes
freezing point depression
the “hidden” heat absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a change of state
latent heat
the latent heat required to change a given mass of a solid into a liquid without changing its temperature
heat of fusion
the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
evaporation
describes a liquid that evaporates rapidly
volatile
describes a liquid that evaporates slowly
nonvolatile
the state of evaporation occurring throughout a liquid
boiling
the temperature at which a substance boils
boiling point
the phenomenon in which the addition of nonvolatile solutes raises the boiling point temperature of a liquid
boiling point elevation
latent heat required to change a liquid into a gas without raising its temperature
heat of vaporization
the process of a gas changing into a liquid
condensation
the process of a solid changing directly into a gas
sublimation
the process of a gas changing directly into a solid
deposition
special state of matter that exists when temperatures are too high for matter to exist in its ordinary states
plasma
an object that produces lift
foil
four factors which affect the drag on an object
speed, size, fluid density, and shape (shape is most important)
formula for kinetic energy
kinetic energy = 1/2 x mass x velocity squared
spins or rolls around around an internal axis
rotational motion
formula for potential energy
potential energy = mass x 9.81m/s squared x height
factors which affect kinetic energy
speed, size, shape, and mass
factors which affect thermal energy
temperature, state, and mass
what is a practical restatement of the law of conservation of energy
first law of thermodynamics
the formula for heat
Q = cm(delta)T
formula for heat capacity
C = Q / (delta)T
formula for specific heat
c = Q / m (delta)T
