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9th Grade Flashcards > Science Chapters 5-6 + End of 4 > Flashcards

Science Chapters 5-6 + End of 4 Flashcards

1
Q

the Greek mathematician who discovered that fluids exert a buoyant force upon objects within them

A

Archimedes

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2
Q

an upward force exerted by a fluid on a solid object placed in the fluid

A

buoyancy

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3
Q

the principle stating that the buoyant force experienced by an object is exactly equal to the weight of the fluid displaced

A

Archimedes’ principle

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4
Q

a vessel that is designed to operate below the surface of the water, but can also float on the surface

A

submarine

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5
Q

when an object is completely submerged but not sinking

A

neutral buoyancy

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6
Q

resistance of any object moving through a fluid

A

drag

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7
Q

science of shaping objects to allow the smooth flow of fluids around them and reduce drag

A

streamlining

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8
Q

a force on an object that is generated by relative motion between the object and a fluid and is perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow

A

lift

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9
Q

the ability to do work and change matter

A

energy

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10
Q

energy of motion

A

kinetic energy

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11
Q

the law stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred

A

law of conservation of energy

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12
Q

the principle stating that mass and energy can be considered two different ways of measuring the same physical property

A

mass-energy equivalence

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13
Q

the law stating that the sum of mass and energy is constant

A

law of conservation of mass and energy

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14
Q

the energy of an entire object moving

A

whole-body kinetic energy

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15
Q

simplest form of motion

A

translational motion

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16
Q

whole-body kinetic energy caused by translational motion

A

translational kinetic energy

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17
Q

natural forces that cause potential energy

A

fundamental forces

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18
Q

attractive force between all material objects

A

gravitational force

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19
Q

a force that affects certain subatomic particles; stronger than the gravitational force but weaker than the electromagnetic force

A

weak nuclear force

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20
Q

second-strongest fundamental force, which affects only objects with an electric charge

A

electromagnetic force

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21
Q

energy resulting from the chemical combination of atoms into molecules

A

chemical energy

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22
Q

the strongest fundamental force, which acts only within atomic nuclei and combines subatomic particles together to form the nucleus of an atom

A

strong nuclear force

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23
Q

internal energy that an object has because of random motions of its individual molecules

A

thermal energy

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24
Q

the state in which no thermal energy is transferred between objects because they are at the same temperature

A

thermal equilibrium

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25
Q

transfer of thermal energy from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature

A

heat

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26
Q

amount of heat needed to change its temperature by a certain amount

A

heat capacity

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27
Q

the ratio of an object’s heat capacity to the object’s mass

A

specific heat

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28
Q

device designed to measure the heat involved in physical and chemical changes

A

calorimeter

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29
Q

a device that automatically regulates temperature

A

thermostat

30
Q

a device consisting of two metal strips that are bonded together that bends in response to temperature changes

A

bimetallic strip

31
Q

the transfer of a property like thermal energy (heat) or electric charge through direct contact

A

conduction

32
Q

transfer of heat by moving fluids

A

convection

33
Q

a transfer of heat without matter as radiant energy

A

radiation

34
Q

a type of double-walled container designed to minimize transfer of heat

A

Dewar flask

35
Q

a home heating system in which water is heated by a boiler and pumped to radiators in the various rooms of a house

A

hot-water heating system

36
Q

a home-heating system that warms air with a furnace and uses a blower or fan to circulate air through a network of ducts

A

forced-warm-air system

37
Q

branch of physics that deals with thermal energy, heat, and their relationships to other forms of energy and energy transfer

A

thermodynamics

38
Q

matter or portion of the universe being studied

A

system

39
Q

entire universe except the system

A

surroundings

40
Q

an invisible and weightless fluid that created and removed heat

A

caloric

41
Q

the law stating that the energy gained (or lost) by a system is equal to the energy lost (or gained) by its surroundings

A

first law of thermodynamics

42
Q

sometimes considered the founder of the science of thermodynamics

A

Sadi Carnot

43
Q

theoretical device that would generate the maximum possible amount of work from a given amount of heat

A

Carnot engine

44
Q

natural processes go only one way, toward less usable energy and greater disorder; implies that the universe is not improving but is instead running down

A

second law of thermodynamics

45
Q

the measure of the amount of disorder in a system

A

entropy

46
Q

the changing of a solid into a liquid

A

melting

47
Q

the changing of a liquid into a solid

A

freezing

48
Q

the phenomenon in which the freezing point of a liquid is lowered by the addition of solutes

A

freezing point depression

49
Q

the “hidden” heat absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a change of state

A

latent heat

50
Q

the latent heat required to change a given mass of a solid into a liquid without changing its temperature

A

heat of fusion

51
Q

the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas

A

evaporation

52
Q

describes a liquid that evaporates rapidly

A

volatile

53
Q

describes a liquid that evaporates slowly

A

nonvolatile

54
Q

the state of evaporation occurring throughout a liquid

A

boiling

55
Q

the temperature at which a substance boils

A

boiling point

56
Q

the phenomenon in which the addition of nonvolatile solutes raises the boiling point temperature of a liquid

A

boiling point elevation

57
Q

latent heat required to change a liquid into a gas without raising its temperature

A

heat of vaporization

58
Q

the process of a gas changing into a liquid

A

condensation

59
Q

the process of a solid changing directly into a gas

A

sublimation

60
Q

the process of a gas changing directly into a solid

A

deposition

61
Q

special state of matter that exists when temperatures are too high for matter to exist in its ordinary states

A

plasma

62
Q

an object that produces lift

A

foil

63
Q

four factors which affect the drag on an object

A

speed, size, fluid density, and shape (shape is most important)

64
Q

formula for kinetic energy

A

kinetic energy = 1/2 x mass x velocity squared

65
Q

spins or rolls around around an internal axis

A

rotational motion

66
Q

formula for potential energy

A

potential energy = mass x 9.81m/s squared x height

67
Q

factors which affect kinetic energy

A

speed, size, shape, and mass

68
Q

factors which affect thermal energy

A

temperature, state, and mass

69
Q

what is a practical restatement of the law of conservation of energy

A

first law of thermodynamics

70
Q

the formula for heat

A

Q = cm(delta)T

71
Q

formula for heat capacity

A

C = Q / (delta)T

72
Q

formula for specific heat

A

c = Q / m (delta)T

9th Grade Flashcards (76 decks)

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