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9th Grade Flashcards > Science 13-14 > Flashcards

Science 13-14 Flashcards

1
Q

the organized study of the composition and interactions of matter

A

chemistry

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2
Q

the foundation for the understanding of matter

A

atomic theory of matter (proposed by Dalton)

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3
Q

tiny particles that compose all matter

A

atoms (“not cuttable”)

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4
Q

substances composed of a single type of atom

A

elements

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5
Q

composed of atoms of two or more elements bonded together

A

compounds

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6
Q

a unique abbreviation given to elements that is typically based on its common or Latin name

A

chemical symbol

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7
Q

atoms are composed of still smaller particles of matter called _______

A

subatomic particles

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8
Q

the dense central core of an atom

A

nucleus

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9
Q

part of an atom that carries a positive electric charge

A

proton

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10
Q

part of an atom that is neutral (no electric charge)

A

neutron

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11
Q

the number of protons in the nucleus

A

atomic number

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12
Q

atoms that are the same element but have different numbers of neutrons

A

isotopes

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13
Q

small particles that make up protons and neutrons

A

quarks

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14
Q

part of an atom that carries a negative electric charge

A

electron

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15
Q

concentric layers that surround the nucleus

A

electron shells

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16
Q

atom that has an electric charge because of losing or gaining electrons

A

ion

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17
Q

negative ions

A

anions

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18
Q

positive ions

A

cations

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19
Q

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

A

mass number

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20
Q

the average mass of all the natural isotopes of an element

A

average atomic mass

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21
Q

the masses of atoms are usually measured in _____

A

atomic mass units (u)

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22
Q

states that tiny particles like electrons do not absorb or release energy in a smooth flow

A

quantum theory

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23
Q

regions in which electrons move unpredictably

A

orbitals

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24
Q

the most familiar model of the atom

A

Bohr model

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25
Q

model of the atom that shows electrons have characteristics of both particles and waves

A

wave-mechanical model

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26
Q

states that it is impossible to measure both the position and velocity of an electron with certainty

A

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

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27
Q

a model of the atom that interprets the mathematical equations of the wave-mechanical model representing the probability of finding an electron at a given point

A

electron-cloud model

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28
Q

a set of numbers that mathematically represent the overall motion of an electron

A

quantum numbers

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29
Q

says that no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers

A

Pauli exclusion principle

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30
Q

the length of time required for one-half of the original substance to decay into a new substance

A

half-life

31
Q

radioactive decay that occurs when a neutron in an atom’s nucleus changes into a proton, emitting an electron

A

beta decay

32
Q

type of decay that increases the atomic number by one

A

beta decay

33
Q

radioactive decay that occurs when an unstable atom ejects a clump of two protons and two neutrons

A

alpha decay

34
Q

radioactive decay that occurs when an excited nucleus releases energy without a change in the number of protons or neutrons

A

gamma decay

35
Q

type of decay that releases energy without a change in the number of protons or neutrons

A

gamma decay

36
Q

the process whereby a heavy nucleus is split into several pieces by bombarding it with neutrons

A

nuclear fission

37
Q

device that initiates an uncontrolled chain reaction

A

atomic bomb

38
Q

a nuclear reactor that recycles spent nuclear fuel to produce more than it uses

A

breeder reactor

39
Q

_____ initiates a controlled reaction

A

nuclear reactor

40
Q

a device that harnesses controlled fission to produce useful energy

A

nuclear reactor

41
Q

chain reaction cannot occur unless there is a certain amount of fissionable material present, called the _______

A

critical mass

42
Q

the process of combining two nuclei to form a heavier nucleus and thereby releasing energy

A

nuclear fusion

43
Q

a weapon that uses nuclear fusion to release a tremendous amount of energy

A

hydrogen bomb

44
Q

the electrons in the outer shell of an atom

A

valence electrons

45
Q

states that most atoms tend to react to obtain eight electrons in their valence shell

A

octet rule

46
Q

states that elements show regular and repeating properties when they are arranged by their increasing atomic numbers

A

periodic law

47
Q

table of the elements arranged by atomic number and number of valence electrons

A

periodic table of the elements

48
Q
  1. a row of the periodic table
  2. a column of the periodic table
A
  1. period
  2. group
49
Q

elements in groups 1,2, and 13-18

A

main-group elements

50
Q

the left side of the periodic table is ______

A

metals

51
Q

the middle of the periodic table is _______

A

semimetals

52
Q

the right side of the periodic table is ______

A

nonmetals

53
Q

elements in group 17

A

halogens

54
Q

elements in group 2

A

alkaline earth metals

55
Q

elements in group 1

A

alkali metals

56
Q

elements in group 16

A

chalcogens

57
Q

elements in group 18

A

noble gases

58
Q

a basic constituent of all living things

A

carbon

59
Q

most abundant element in the body

A

oxygen

60
Q

second most abundant element in the human body

A

carbon

61
Q

groups of two or more atoms linked by chemical bonds to form distinct units

A

molecules

62
Q

a substance that has the same physical properties throughout and consists of only one type of atom

A

pure substance

63
Q

a homogeneous mixture

A

solution

64
Q

composed of several pure substances that are physically mixed but not chemically united

A

mixture

65
Q

substance doing the dissolving

A

solvent

66
Q

substance being dissolved

A

solute

67
Q

mixture containing tiny suspended clumps or particles

A

colloid

68
Q

the appearance of a blue-tinged milky or cloudy effect within a colloid when a light shines through it

A

Tyndall effect

69
Q

molecules and compounds are composed of two or more atoms linked together by attractive forces called ______

A

chemical bonds

70
Q

a chemical bond resulting from the sharing of valence electrons between atoms

A

covalent bond

71
Q

occurs when two atoms share a single pair of electrons

A

single bond

72
Q

occurs when two atoms share two pairs of electrons

A

double bond

73
Q

occurs when two atoms share three pairs of electrons

A

triple bond

74
Q

a diagram showing the locations of all the atoms and valence electrons

A

Lewis structure

9th Grade Flashcards (76 decks)

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