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9th Grade Flashcards > Science 13-14 > Flashcards

Science 13-14 Flashcards

1
Q

the organized study of the composition and interactions of matter

A

chemistry

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2
Q

the foundation for the understanding of matter

A

atomic theory of matter (proposed by Dalton)

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3
Q

tiny particles that compose all matter

A

atoms (“not cuttable”)

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4
Q

substances composed of a single type of atom

A

elements

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5
Q

composed of atoms of two or more elements bonded together

A

compounds

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6
Q

a unique abbreviation given to elements that is typically based on its common or Latin name

A

chemical symbol

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7
Q

atoms are composed of still smaller particles of matter called _______

A

subatomic particles

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8
Q

the dense central core of an atom

A

nucleus

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9
Q

part of an atom that carries a positive electric charge

A

proton

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10
Q

part of an atom that is neutral (no electric charge)

A

neutron

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11
Q

the number of protons in the nucleus

A

atomic number

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12
Q

atoms that are the same element but have different numbers of neutrons

A

isotopes

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13
Q

small particles that make up protons and neutrons

A

quarks

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14
Q

part of an atom that carries a negative electric charge

A

electron

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15
Q

concentric layers that surround the nucleus

A

electron shells

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16
Q

atom that has an electric charge because of losing or gaining electrons

A

ion

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17
Q

negative ions

A

anions

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18
Q

positive ions

A

cations

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19
Q

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

A

mass number

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20
Q

the average mass of all the natural isotopes of an element

A

average atomic mass

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21
Q

the masses of atoms are usually measured in _____

A

atomic mass units (u)

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22
Q

states that tiny particles like electrons do not absorb or release energy in a smooth flow

A

quantum theory

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23
Q

regions in which electrons move unpredictably

A

orbitals

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24
Q

the most familiar model of the atom

A

Bohr model

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25
model of the atom that shows electrons have characteristics of both particles and waves
wave-mechanical model
26
states that it is impossible to measure both the position and velocity of an electron with certainty
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
27
a model of the atom that interprets the mathematical equations of the wave-mechanical model representing the probability of finding an electron at a given point
electron-cloud model
28
a set of numbers that mathematically represent the overall motion of an electron
quantum numbers
29
says that no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers
Pauli exclusion principle
30
the length of time required for one-half of the original substance to decay into a new substance
half-life
31
radioactive decay that occurs when a neutron in an atom’s nucleus changes into a proton, emitting an electron
beta decay
32
type of decay that increases the atomic number by one
beta decay
33
radioactive decay that occurs when an unstable atom ejects a clump of two protons and two neutrons
alpha decay
34
radioactive decay that occurs when an excited nucleus releases energy without a change in the number of protons or neutrons
gamma decay
35
type of decay that releases energy without a change in the number of protons or neutrons
gamma decay
36
the process whereby a heavy nucleus is split into several pieces by bombarding it with neutrons
nuclear fission
37
device that initiates an uncontrolled chain reaction
atomic bomb
38
a nuclear reactor that recycles spent nuclear fuel to produce more than it uses
breeder reactor
39
_____ initiates a controlled reaction
nuclear reactor
40
a device that harnesses controlled fission to produce useful energy
nuclear reactor
41
chain reaction cannot occur unless there is a certain amount of fissionable material present, called the _______
critical mass
42
the process of combining two nuclei to form a heavier nucleus and thereby releasing energy
nuclear fusion
43
a weapon that uses nuclear fusion to release a tremendous amount of energy
hydrogen bomb
44
the electrons in the outer shell of an atom
valence electrons
45
states that most atoms tend to react to obtain eight electrons in their valence shell
octet rule
46
states that elements show regular and repeating properties when they are arranged by their increasing atomic numbers
periodic law
47
table of the elements arranged by atomic number and number of valence electrons
periodic table of the elements
48
1. a row of the periodic table 2. a column of the periodic table
1. period 2. group
49
elements in groups 1,2, and 13-18
main-group elements
50
the left side of the periodic table is ______
metals
51
the middle of the periodic table is _______
semimetals
52
the right side of the periodic table is ______
nonmetals
53
elements in group 17
halogens
54
elements in group 2
alkaline earth metals
55
elements in group 1
alkali metals
56
elements in group 16
chalcogens
57
elements in group 18
noble gases
58
a basic constituent of all living things
carbon
59
most abundant element in the body
oxygen
60
second most abundant element in the human body
carbon
61
groups of two or more atoms linked by chemical bonds to form distinct units
molecules
62
a substance that has the same physical properties throughout and consists of only one type of atom
pure substance
63
a homogeneous mixture
solution
64
composed of several pure substances that are physically mixed but not chemically united
mixture
65
substance doing the dissolving
solvent
66
substance being dissolved
solute
67
mixture containing tiny suspended clumps or particles
colloid
68
the appearance of a blue-tinged milky or cloudy effect within a colloid when a light shines through it
Tyndall effect
69
molecules and compounds are composed of two or more atoms linked together by attractive forces called ______
chemical bonds
70
a chemical bond resulting from the sharing of valence electrons between atoms
covalent bond
71
occurs when two atoms share a single pair of electrons
single bond
72
occurs when two atoms share two pairs of electrons
double bond
73
occurs when two atoms share three pairs of electrons
triple bond
74
a diagram showing the locations of all the atoms and valence electrons
Lewis structure

9th Grade Flashcards (76 decks)

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