Health chapter 1 Flashcards
Female reproductive cell
ovum
Male reproductive cell
sperm
fertilized egg cell
zygote
another name for the mother’s womb
uterus
Once implantation to the lining of the uterus takes place, the cluster of cells is known as _______
embryo
During the 3rd and 4th weeks a _______ forms between the body of the baby and the mother
placenta
a bundle of three blood vessels
umbilical cord
The baby’s most important period of growth has been completed by _____
week 9
From Week 9 until the time of birth, the baby is referred to as a ______
fetus
Provides primary care for infants and children
pediatrician
the transitional change from childhood to adulthood
adolescence
Changes during adolescence are controlled by ______
hormones
stimulators of the endocrine system
hormones
doctor that treats diseases and disorders of the endocrine system
endocrinologist
______ helps regulate the body’s growth and development
endocrine system
______ influences most of the body’s other functions
endocrine system
“master gland”
pituitary gland
_____ connects to the hypothalamus
pituitary gland
portion of the brain that controls the body’s automatic activities (emotions)
hypothalamus
growth hormone that regulates overall growth rate by stimulating new tissue growth
somatotropin
hormone that helps regulate blood pressure and the body’s water balance
antidiuretic hormone
gland that secretes hormones that regulate metabolism
thyroid gland
chemical and physical processes by which the body “burns” food and generates energy
metabolism
____ regulate the amount of calcium in the blood
parathyroid glands
_____ produce epinephrine
adrenal glands
known as the “emergency action” because it prepares the body for stressful situations
epinephrine
contains a small group of cells called the islets of Langerhans
pancreas
_____ regulate the amount of glucose in the blood
islets of Langerhans
sugar
glucose
hormone produced primarily in women
estrogen
hormone produced primarily in men
testosterone
small gland that controls waking and sleeping
pineal gland
hormone produced by the pineal gland
melatonin
means “inside or within”
en- , end- , endo-
means “science” or “study”
-logy
refers to sugar or carbohydrates
-ose
the study of the structures, functions, disorders, and diseases of the digestive system
gastroenterology
three main functions of digestive system:
- digestion of food
- absorption of nutrients
- elimination of wastes
the physical and chemical breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler, water-soluble substances the body can use
digestion
hardest substance in the body
enamel
means “surrounding or enclosing”
peri-
means “tooth”
dent- , dont-
refers to the stomach
gastro-
refers to the intestine
entero-
______ treats diseases of the teeth and gums
dentist
______ treats diseases and disorders of the digestive system
gastroenterologist
visible part of the tooth
crown
tissue that surrounds the tooth; also called the gum
gingiva
muscular organ that softens food and pushes it to the back of the mouth
tongue
____ closes the opening on nasal passages in the back of the throat
uvula
flap of cartilage that closes over the trachea to keep food from entering the respiratory tract
epiglottis
protein molecules designed to activate or speed up chemical reactions in your body
enzymes
muscular tube that connects the pharynx (throat) with the stomach
esophagus
wavelike contractions that force food through the esophagus and the rest of the digestive tract
peristalsis
a muscular, saclike organ that has the largest diameter of any section of the digestive tract
stomach
after food leaves the stomach, it passes through the _____, the longest part of the digestive tract
small intestine
the movement of water, digested food, and other dissolved substances in the bloodstream
absorption
most absorption takes place in the ____, the middle section of the small intestine
jejunum
_____ is larger in diameter than the small intestine, but much shorter in length
large intestine (colon)
fingerlike projection at the junction of the small intestine and colon that has no known function in the digestive system
appendix
_____ produces pancreatic juice for digesting fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
pancreas
food travels this path:
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- rectum
the largest internal organ of the body that has 100s of functions, such as changing sugar into glucose and storing nutrients
liver
the liver’s most important function is _____
secreting bile, which is essential for breaking down fats and oils
_____ stores and concentrates bile for digestion
gallbladder
simple sugars
monosaccharides
two monosaccharides combined
disaccharides
______ contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
carbohydrates
___ should be the body’s main source of energy
carbohydrates
___ are made of long chains of building blocks called amino acids
proteins
_____ are considered incomplete proteins because they lack one or more of the essential amino acids
plant proteins
typical fat molecules that consist of 3 fatty acids are known as _____
triglycerides
both fats and fatty substances are _____, a general term for fatlike substances that are typically soluble in water
lipids
substances that neutralize harmful molecules called free radicals
antioxidants
vitamins __ and __ serve as antioxidants
C and E
refers to the liver
hepat-
means large
macro-
means one
mono-
means two
di-
means many; more than one
poly-
means three
tri-
means disease
-osis
means over, above, or excessive
hyper-
means fat or fatty
lip- , lipo-
means small
micro-
refers to the bones
osteo-
the common unit for measuring the energy value of foods
kilocalorie (often shortened to calorie)
the proportion of nutrients compared to the number of calories that food contains
nutrient density
