SA toxicology Flashcards
what do macadamia nuts cause?
muscle weakness, depression, V+
1nut/kg BWt is toxic
what do grapes cause?
AKI
PUPD, V+, lethargy, D+
1 grape/kg BWt
what 2 food items cause heinz-body anaemia
onion
garlic
- also cause inc HR and RR, depression
why does xylitol cause hypOglycaemia?
causes +++ insulin release VERY RAPIDLY
in what time frame will emesis still be effective
wi 3hrs of ingestion
6hrs-aspirin and 12hrs-chocolate
why should any topical exposure be washed with water, not detergents?
sometimes detergent can enhance uptake - so be safe not sorry. use oil if tar
what agent do you use to stimulate emesis. What dose
apomorphine
4mg/kg i.v
what other techn can be employed to reduce stomach/GI contents
gastric lavage adsorbents cathartics enema diuretic
Name a commonly used adsorbent and when/how it is given
activated charcoal
4g/kg orally with water (1g charc:10mls)
30min AFTER emesis (or it’ll just come back up…)
give half previous dose every 4-8hrs
if the emesis doesnt stop, how can it be stopped pharaceutically?
naxolone (opioid antag)
4mg/kg i.v
give xylazine in cats
briefly desc the methods of gastric lavaeg
cuffed ETT
head low
stomach tube w 15ml water 15 x
what samples need to be taken?
EVERYTHING
what is the action of cathartics and give some examples
inc GI elimination
sorbitol = may well be in charcoal mixture
sodium sulphate = 1 x dose
parrafin = 10ml/dog
if hyperactive/seizure what 3 drugs can be used
diazepam = 1mg/kg. 3x in 2hrs max
propofol
phenobarbitol = 3mg/kg i.v (slowly)
how do anticoagulant rodenticides work?
vit K antagonists
inhib vit K epoxide reductase
inactivates factors II, VII, IX, X
how long until death from rodenticide poisoning?
1-3d
which ‘arm’ of the coag cascade will be first t be lengthened when their are some factors inhibited? PT (ext) or APTT (int)
PT extrinsic as VII missing and it has the shortest half life
how do you tx vit k1 antagonism?
with synthetic vit k1 = konakion
transfusion
O2
4wks of treatment
what are the effect of ingesting too many cholecalciferols (vit D precursor)
hypercalcaemia from inc activation of vit D
name some differentials which cause hypercalcaemia
hyperpara, addisions, renal dz, neoplastic (anal sac carcinoma)
how to treat hypercalcaemia?
emesis, charcoal
saline @3x MR
calcitonin
high salt, low ca++ diet
how long does it take for cholecalciferols to clear?
4-6wks
name some cholinesterase inhibitors
OPs
carbamates
insecticides
what are nicotinic effects?
muscle cramps weakness tachycardia hypertension mydriasis (dil) pallor tachy mm
what are muscarinic effects - and the pneumonic
DUMBELS
D+, urination, miosis (cons), bronchospasm/constriction, bradycardia, emesis, lacrimation, salivation
what signs follow cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning
nicotinic
muscarinic
and CNS signs
how do you treat cholinesterase inhib poisoning?
emesis and charcoal and cathartic
atropine (anti-musc)
diazepam (prev seizures)
2-PAM (anti-nicotinic) - NB hypothermia a big risk
what type of pyrethroid is toxic to cats?
permethrin
name signs of pyrethroid poisoning
salivation tremors ataxia depression temp imbalance prolongued Na+ conduction
what dz doe paraquat tox cause
accumulates in lungs = pulm oedema and haemorrhage
[O] damage in alv –> MUST NOT give O2 therapy
charcoal req wi 1hr
where are metadehydes found? what do they cause
slug pellets
neuro and then hepatotox
paracetamol is most toxic to D or C?
cats
why is paracetamol poisonous?
can glucorinidate
heinz body anaemia
mHb-aemia
what are the signs of paracetamol OD
pallor cyanosis high HR v+ hepatic failure
How do you treat paracetamol OD
cimentidine (inhib cytop450 to stop being metabolised at all) n-acetyle cysteine = antidote ascorbic acids reduces mHb O2 transfusion
NSAID OD leads to Gastric ulcers, haem+, BM suppression and thrombocytopenia. what can be given to protect against GI effects?
sulcralfate
H2 antag (ranitidine)
PPIs
Misoprostal = synth PG to heal ulcers
NSAID OD can also lead to hypOkalaemia, how can this be treated?
IVFT
give w glucose to help K+ into cells with help of insulin prod
how can ethylene glycol lead to hypocalcaemia
final metabolite is oxalic acid which bind ca++ and sediments - blocking tubules. tx with Ca++
desc the progression of ethylene glycol poisoning
phase 1 - ataxia, PUPD, inc HR
phase 2 - metabolic acidosis, v+, hypothermia
phase 3 - oliguric RF, seizures
what does cannabis cause?
hypOthermia
what does cocaine cause>
hypERthermia
to reverse the effects of narcotics (opioids) give…
naloxone
do not give diazepam if OD of…….(horse tranq)
amphetamines
how should you manage chocolate poisoning
bladder small as methyxanthine abs thru bladder
