Dz-es of the UT

Question 1

clinical signs of a UTI are

Answer 1

PUPD
olig/anuria
abdo pain
HL lameness
collapse

Question 2

what investigations are indicated in urinary tract dz

Answer 2

Hx, CE, obs, catheterise
labs - haematology, biochem, e-lytes, urinalysis, culture, bsy
imaging - U/S, xray, cystoscopy

Question 3

how big should the kidneys normally be

Answer 3

2.5 x L2 vertebra NB remember R is cRanial

Question 4

what is a pneumocytogram

Answer 4

putting 10ml of NO into the bladder (stop if pain/R)

Question 5

what is a contrast cystogram

Answer 5

putting 10mls of 150mg/ml of iodine in to serve as a good contrast to other tissues

Question 6

what is a double contrast xray

Answer 6

both air and iodine in bladder

Question 7

what is an IV urogram

Answer 7

inj contrast IV and pneumo-bladder
shows the size of kidneys and the flow of the ureters
wait 10 mins though first
also give an enema (so easier to see if bowel empty)

Question 8

how cab you radiograph the urethra

Answer 8

retrograde urethrogram (using contrast)

Question 9

what suture is indicated in bladder sx

Answer 9

mono-abs

Question 10

give 3 bsy methds - to be used on the kidney

Answer 10

trucut - u/s guidance, avoid hlius!
FNA
surgical nephrotomy - wedge, need to tourniquet renal a+v to reduce supply by 20%!

Question 11

what are the signs of nephroliths

Answer 11

abdo pain, haematuria, recurrent UTI, azotaemia

Question 12

what type of nephrolith can be medically tx

Answer 12

oxolates

Question 13

if the crystals in the urinary tract are not visible on xray, how might they be viewed

Answer 13

via u/s due to the shadowing effect

Question 14

what is the most radio-opaque and what is the most radio-lucent urinary crystal

Answer 14

opaque = oxalate
lucent = urate
middle = cysteine

Question 15

most 1ry neoplasias of the kidney are malignant, but 2ry ones are more common. what tx options are there

Answer 15

unilat nephrectomy
chemo (if lymphoma)
PTS

Question 16

why in urinary tract sx should a catheter always be plpaced throughout recovery

Answer 16

to assess output vs input

Question 17

why would you use a tube cystotomy (thru body wall)

Answer 17

if urethra blocked

Question 18

what is the most common and malign neoplasia of the bladder

Answer 18

TCC

if benign vers then remove over 75% of bladder tissue

Question 19

what are the 3 main sections of the male urethra

Answer 19

prostatic - PX
pelvic - membranous and vulnerable to injury if pelvic fx
penile - cavernous, in the Os penis so cant distend if gets blocked!

Question 20

why are IVFT often required in urinary tract dzes

Answer 20

retention causes acid:base balance upset –> acidosis/alkalosis
also - azotaemia (all types)
inc urea ==> K++ often causes cardiac arrhythmias (this needs sorting)

Question 21

what is a urethrostomy and where is it recom in C+D

Answer 21

permenant opening - usually in boys if suffered penile trauma (makes them wee like a girl - Oliver the Dog)
D - scrotal (must be castrated though)
C - perineal

Question 22

what predisposes cats to feline urethra obstruction

Answer 22

• toms
• dry diets
• stress

Question 23

what is the most common tx plan for a bicth with a SCC or TCC (most common pres) of the urethra

Answer 23

• cystotomy tube
• no sx normally as too close to trigone
• palliative care