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VSCI300 MOD > Neuroanatomy/exam and localisation > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy/exam and localisation Flashcards

1
Q

describe the innervation of the bladder

A

ANS
symp and somatic = relax detrusor and inc sphincter tone
fills and impulse to pons - says its full
parasymp - contracts detrusor
somatic inhibit = ext sphincter relax and symp are inhibited so int sphincter relaxes

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2
Q

UMN lesion to nerves supplying the bladder = ?

A

can’t express itself

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3
Q

LMN to bladder = ?

A

dribbles

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4
Q

desc the anatomy of the innervation to the eye

A

1st n stem –> t1-3
2nd n t1-3 –> cr cervical ganglion
2rd from here to eye

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5
Q

what does this ANS supply to the eye achieve

A
  • dilate pupil
  • orbitalis m (periorbita, eyelids, 3rd eyelid)
  • ciliaris m
  • sm m in b vessels and sweat glands
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6
Q

what is horners syndrome

A
  • miosis
  • upper lid ptosis
  • 3rd eyelid protruding
  • enopthalmos
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7
Q

what is the bbb

A

tightly joined endothelial cells alongside the foot-processes of astrocytes

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8
Q

what % of drugs get past the BBB

A

5%

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9
Q

how does the chemical trigger one work then

A

its not past the BBB

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10
Q

name the 3 layers of the meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid
pia

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11
Q

desc the flow of CSF

A

lat ventricles –> inter ventricular forament

  • -> 3rd v
  • -> mesencephalic aqueduct
  • -> 4th v
  • -> lateral apertures
  • -> subarachnoid space
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12
Q

which domestic spp has a surprisingly large vol of CSF

A

horse

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13
Q

what is the fact of olfactory, where is the cell body

A

smell - perception
cell bodies in olfactory epithelium (cribriform plate -ish ) not ganglion
synapse of olfactory bulb –> prirform lobe

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14
Q

why is the optic nerve not a true nerve

A

surrounded by oligodendrocytes and meninges

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15
Q

what m does the oculomotor control

A

D, V, M rectus
V oblique

and elevator palp superioris

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16
Q

oculomotor also has a parasymp fat what is it

A

pupillary constriction

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17
Q

what n controls the D oblique

A

trochlea - OF THE CONTRALATERAL SIDE

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18
Q

what about the L rectus - what controls that

A

abducens

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19
Q

what is the fact of the trigeminal

A

facial sensation

motor MM

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20
Q

out of the three trigeminal branches - which is the only one with the motor function for the MM

A

mandibular

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21
Q

what is the fact of the VII

A

motor to facial expression
sensory to R 2/3 tongue an palate - inc taste
PS to lacrimal, mandible and s-l glands

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22
Q

where does the facial nerve run on its way out of the brain

A

thru acoustic meatus –> stylomastoid foramen and middle ear ( at this point the PS fibres separate)

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23
Q

what is the relevance of the chords tympani

A

carries facial fibres from the middle eat to serve tongue in taste and sensation

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24
Q

what does the vestibulocochlea do

A

hearing and balance using R in inner ear –> medullar

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25
Q

GP nerves =

A

motor to pharynx and palate
sensory to cd 1/3 tongue and pharynx
PS to parotid and zygomatic glands
nuclei is with X in medulla

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26
Q

what is the role of the X

A

m- larynx, pharynx (with GP) and oesophagus
s - larynx, pharynx (with GP) and thoracic/abdo viscera
PA - ALL cr thoracic and abode viscera

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27
Q

what is the role of XI, why is it a CN

A

trapezius, sternocephalicus and brachiocephalicus

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28
Q

what does XII do

A

m - tongue

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29
Q

what are the fct LMN

A

efferent (m) neurones connecting CNS to muscle that needs innervating

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30
Q

describe the process of AP prop at NMJ

A 
Ca++ channels open
ACh released --> bind to post-syn R
Na open
depol
contract
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31
Q

desc the ‘reflex’ arc basic

A

dendritic stim
sensory periph nerve –> D root and synapses in d column
direct reflex (patella) or interneurone (withdrawal)
then exit via V root to motor periph nerve
syn in muscle

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32
Q

why are reflexes useful to vets

A

localise the lesion
FL= C6-T2
HL = L3-S3

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33
Q

can you feel pain without reflex and have a reflex without pain>

A

yes. a reflex can localise lesions, but doesn’t affect prognosis if missing
perception of pain w/wo reflex is a negative prognostic factor! pain fibres shouldn’t be damage (v deep)

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34
Q

what is the UMN system and its fct

A

in the CNS, synapse with LMN in GM of SC.
initiate vol movement, maintain muscle tone and control activity
2 tracts - extra + pyramidal

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35
Q

what are the extra and pyramidal tracts

A 
pyramidal = skills, c. cortex
extrapyramidal = bstem. tonic mech for posture, spinal reflexes.
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36
Q

what is the diff bw unconscious and conscious proprioception? what tracts do nerves travel in?

A
  • unconsc = segmental reflex, info –> cerebellum. spinocebellar DL tract - ipsilateral
  • conscious = info –> cerebral cortex. fascicles gracilis and cuneatus - contralateral at medullar
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37
Q

what is the purpose of the endolymph and how is balanace identified

A

to move relative to perilymph (any labyrinth) with head movement. this connects to utriculus –> saccule and cochlear

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38
Q

what is the crust ampullaris?

A

end of semicircular canal (ampulla) is neuroepithelial hairs in gelatinous cupola.

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39
Q

what is the macula

A

uticulus and saccule there are oval plaques with neuroepithelium covered in gelatinous membrane with otoliths

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40
Q

where are the nuclei locations for the vestibular nuclei?

A

4 x by pons and medulla which go out to:

  • SC
  • bstem
  • cerebellum
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41
Q

what is the medial longitudinal fsciculus (MLF)

A

where axons of vestibular nerves meet nuclei of CNIII, IV and VI (coord eyes)

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42
Q

other than the MLF, where else do nerves from the vestibular nuclei go

A

SC - to + extensor m, inhibit flexors and inhibit contralateral extensor
RF - for motion sickness
thalamus - to perceive balance
cerebellum - inhib

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43
Q

what layer of the cerebellum continues to divide after birth

A

germinal layer

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44
Q

what is the fct of the cerebellum

A

reg motor activity
coordinate and refine movement
maintain equilibrium
regulate tone to maintain posture

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45
Q

what afferent (s) nerves synapse in the cerebellum

A 
proprioceptive n - spinocerebellar tract
vestib 
visual
auditory
UMN - allows reg of motor fct
46
Q

desc the position of the optic disc

A

V-L

47
Q

what are the % of axons that cross to controlat side at the optic chiasm

A 
birds/fish = all
H/R = 90%
D = 75
C = 65
Us = 50
48
Q

what part of the brain result in perception of sight

A

occipital cortex

49
Q

what is the PLR and the motor response

A

PLR - most are contralateral PS oculomotor nerve

motor - R colliculus –> CN III, IV, VI and cervical SN –> move towards visual stim

50
Q

how can you assess conscious perception of sight?

A

menace

51
Q

how you can you asses s the PLR

A

shine a light

52
Q

how is sound transmitted into nerve impulse

A

ossicles vibrate –> move perilymph, basilar membr moves and detected by hair cells which bend sterocilia = impulse

53
Q

where is hearing consciously and reflexly detected

A 
consciously = temporal bilaterally
reflex= Cd colliculus
54
Q

what causes noise induced deafness

A

XS noise exposure kills hair cells

55
Q

where is the limbic system mainly and where does it mainly project to

A

based - c.cortex and diencephalon (thal and hypothal)

project - hypothal

56
Q

where do UMN synapse for parasymp and symp NS

A 
rostral = para
cd = symp
57
Q

what is hypocretin and where is it synthesised

A

regulates sleep

hypothalm

58
Q

what inv has the hypothalm got with the adenohypophysis

A

regulates by secreting neuro-endocrine hormones

59
Q

what is the point of the thalamus

A

conscious perception of all sensory paths
m n relay
projects diffusely with into from ARAS and cerebral cortex/thalamus

60
Q

what is the ARAS

A

asc reticular activating system

61
Q

what are the fct of the ARAS

A

arouse
conscious awake
prepare brain for info

62
Q

where does the ARAS receive info from

A

everywhere

63
Q

why does the ARAS have a role in how bored you get or how easily you learn>

A

should stimulate your brain to want to learn, be awake etc - so if not = easy bored etc

64
Q

what parts of the brain control mentation.

A

forebrain and bstem

65
Q

what are the levels of mentation

A
  1. alert
  2. disoreintated
  3. depressed
  4. stuporous
  5. comatose
66
Q

what area controls behaviours

A

f-brain

67
Q

what is hemineglect syndrome

A

when a structural lesion to fbrain, the animal ignores half the world

68
Q

a lesion where could cause a head tilt

A

vestibular dz (either central or peripheral)

69
Q

a lesion where could cause a body turn

A

fbrain.

called aversion syndrome

70
Q

what is opisthotonus

A

bwds arching of head, neck and spine from muscle spazm, seen in tetanus etc

71
Q

what are the differences bw:
- de-cerebrate rigidity
and
- de-cerebellate rigidity

A

de-cerebrate rigidity

  • ALL limbs extended
  • due to inhib UMN
  • lesion = R bstem
  • stuporous/comatose

de-cerebellate rigidity

  • hyper-extension - FL only
  • loss of the inhib of stretch and antigrav mechanism
  • lesion = R cerebellum
  • normal mentation
72
Q

what is Schiff-sherrington?

A

hyper-extension of FL and paralysis of HL

lesion = T/L spine

73
Q

where are the 3 places a lesion could be which would result in ataxia

A

spinal (subtle - reduced info from CNS)
vestibular (off balance)
cerebellar (drunken - rate, F and range differ)

74
Q

what is the diff bw paralysis and paraplegia

A

loss of voluntary movement

also have mono, para, hemi, tetraparesis

75
Q

what is non-ambulatory paresis

A

when with support, movement it seen - different from paralysis

76
Q

what are the grades for spinal lesions

A

1-5

1 = no deficit, just pain; 3 = paresis, non-ambulatory; 5 = no pain sensation

77
Q

name some postural tests

A 
paw postition (upside down)
hopping (lift 1 or 3 limbs)
hip sway
whelbarow
extensor postural thrusts
placing responses (at table, good for cat)
78
Q

name some spinal reflexes

A
  • withdrawals, myotactic FL & HL & panniculus
79
Q

why are spinal reflexes useful

A

to ID whether UMN or LMN

80
Q

desc the myotactic tests in the FL

A

ext carpi radialis - strike the m at belly –> ext carpus

biceps - strike over digital end of b.brachii and brachialis –> flex elbow and contract muscle

triceps - strike at insertion on olecranon –> ext of elbow and carpus

81
Q

desc the myotactic in HL

A

patella - strike patella tendon –> ext limb
cr tibial - strike PX –> hock ext
gastrocnemius - strike –> hock ext
perineal - stim perineum with thermometer –> contracts

82
Q

desc withdrawal

A

pinch digit –> reflex contraction of flex = withdraw limb. hppens wo need for pain sensitisation!

83
Q

desc the panniculus response

A

pinch skin –> moves 2 x vertebral spaces cr’ally to synapse with lateral thoracic nerve for both L+R –> then synapse with brachial plexus –> bilat twitch

84
Q

why is the panniculus reflex useful

A

can ID whether T3-L3 lesions or brachial plexus lesions (C6-T2) depending on when the reflex stops

85
Q

what does the palpebral reflex test

A

V (opth or max) + bstem

–> VII (to blink)

86
Q

what does the corneal reflex test

A

V (opthal) + bstem

–> VII (to blink)

87
Q

what is physiological nystagmus controlled by

A

VIII (vestibulocochlear) + bstem. if lost - commonly inc IOP

–> III, IV, VI (to move eyeball)

88
Q

what controls the menace reponse (learnt at 10-12wo)

A

II (optic) + fbrain, cerebellum and bstem

–> VII (facial - to move eyelids)

89
Q

what is sensory to stim of nasal mucosa

A

V (opthalm) + fbrain, bstem

90
Q

what controls the PLR

A

optic + bstem

–> III (to change pupil size + some parasymp/symp nn)

91
Q

what is tested by the gag reflex

A

IX (GP) and X (vagus) + bstem

–> same output

92
Q

name main signs of a forebrain lesion

A
  • disorientation/depression
  • contralat blindness (abn menace, normal PLR)
  • normal gait
  • ipsilat circuling/head turn/pressing
  • decr postural responses in contralat limbs
  • behavioural changes, hemi-neglect and seizures
93
Q

why is the bstem so critical

A 
- ARAS
regulation centre for CV and resp
CN III --> XII
all sensory and motor tracts pass through
vestibular nuclei
94
Q

what are the signs of a bstem lesions

A
  • depression, stupour coma
  • CN 3-12 deficits
  • vestibular signs
  • paresis + dec postural resp of ALL/ipsilat limbs
  • de-cerebrate rigidity (all limbs)
  • R or CV abn
95
Q

what are the signs of cerebellar lesions

A
  • normal mentation
  • normal vision + PLR but ipsilateral abn menace
  • vestibular signs (controls bstem role)
  • ataxia, wide-base stance, hypermetria
  • intention tremor
  • de-cerebellate rigidity
  • delayed but hypermetric postural response
96
Q

if there is a lesion in the vestibular system, there wil be path nystagmus, can you tell which side the lesion is

A

yes - on the side with the slowest nystagmus phase

97
Q

the vestibular system has elements both in PNS and CNS. how can you tell from the signs where thelesion is

A 
PNS = horizontal or rotationary nystagmus
CNS = vertical mainly
98
Q

what is a paradoxical head tilt?

A

one in the opp direction to lesions w signs of cerebellar dz

lesion is in the flocculonodular lobe or cd. cerebellar peduncle

99
Q

is the lesion is C1-T2 or T3-S3 which limbs are effected?

A

All limbs

or HL

100
Q

what reflexes test LMN

A

spinal reflexes

  • C6-T2 = FL
  • L4-S3 = HL
101
Q

what would a lesion in C1-C5 cause

A

all or hemi paresis
normal spinal reflexes
norm tone
horners, resp issues, urinary retention

102
Q

a lesion in C6-T2 =

A

all or hemi /deficits and paresis
reduced: tone, atrophy, spinal reflexes in FL and panniculus
horners, resp issues, urinary retention

103
Q

a lesion in T3-L3

A

HL paresis and deficits
normal spinal reflexes
reduced panniculus cd to lesion

104
Q

a lesions L4-S3

A

HL paresis and defects in 1+

reduced: tone, atrophy, spinal reflexes in HL, anal tone and perineal reflex

105
Q

what are the signs of oa motor neuropathy

A

flaccid paralysis
reduced tone
atrophy
reduced spinal/CN reflexes

106
Q

what are the signs of a sensory nerve neuropathy

A

decr sensitisation and self mutiliation increases (para-aesthesia)
reduced spinal/CN reflexes

107
Q

give an examples of a cause of the following:

pre-syn, post-synaptic and enzymatic junctionopatby

A

pre - clost botulinum
post - myasthenia gravis
enzymatic - OPs

108
Q

what are the only indication of myopathies

A

generalised weakness/exercise intol (stiff)

109
Q

what are the 3 main causes of generalised myopathy

A

congen/inherited
inflam or infectious
metabolic

110
Q

what does a painful myopathy suggest might be the cuase

A

inflam
space occupying
trauma

VSCI300 MOD (32 decks)

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