Neonatology - calf dz Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 3 main causes of METABOLIC acidosis
A
- loss of bicarb
- extra acid
- bicarb gets diluted (bad IVFT)
2
Q
what are the big changes that happen at birth which might predisp calf to RESP acidosis`
A
- placetal to lung oxygenation
- full inflation and surfactant distrubution
- resp acidosis is required to stim the first breath (so dont panic)
3
Q
what are the risks to the calf from dytocia
A
fundamentally - hypoxia due to:
- compression of umbilicus
- prem placental sep
- oedema, bruising, fx
- METAB acidosis from lactic acid production (fatigue)
- RESP acidosis from inability to breath air
4
Q
what is the likelihood of death after dytocia
A
4-6c more likely
5
Q
how long after birth should a claf get to sternal recumbancy
A
wi 5mins
6
Q
why wont csect delivered calves not breath instanty
A
no resp acidosis yet
7
Q
what happens to the suck reflex in calves with metab acidosis
A
loses it
8
Q
other than death whata re other conseq of dytocia
A
injury
failure to suck
FPT due to abs/colostrum
9
Q
what does colostrum contain
A
E, protein, fats, vit
IgA, G, M
GF = IGF1, 2, insulin, prolactin, GH, steroids
inflm cells
10
Q
what is epigenetic
A
ability to switch genes on / off with molecules
11
Q
whyi s d+ common at 5do
A
the IgA has ‘run out’ from colostrum, so a point of low immunocompetance
12
Q
how much can a calf stomach hold and how much should it get ASAP at birth
A
1L capacity (if same as a foal); 4L
13
Q
what factors are related to quality of colostrum
A
- time after claving - sooner = more Ig
- diary - dilution effect, good qual, just need more/calf
- if skinny cow, give cake before calving
- systemic or local dz (mastitis etc)
- shorter dry period = better
14
Q
what Ig are systemically action and which are locally ‘teflon-effect’ on the GI mucosa?
A
systemic = IgG, IgM
local = IgA and IgG1
all run out from d3+ and d+ risk from d5
15
Q
how do you assess FPT
A
- serum Ig (refractometer, ZnS turb and NaS turbidity tests, radial immunodiffusion and nasal stick tests for IgG)
16
Q
what shoud the result on the TP tests be
A
> 55g/l. include both Ig and albumins..
17
Q
what 2 pieces of equuip can assess colostrum qual
A
- brix refractometer
- colostrometer
18
Q
desc the current best dairy calf management practice
A
- remove calf wi 2hrs
- 4L colostrum tubed wi 6 hrs
- another 3L wi 12hrs then 1L/d after
- keep colostrum in fridge
19
Q
what are the conditions fror pasteurisation
A
60 minutes and 65 degrees
20
Q
what are the 3 most common neonatal calf dz’es
A
- d+
- navel ill
- septicaemia
21
Q
what are the most impt dx indicators in the neonate
A
- demeanor, suck reflex
- TPR, hydration, abdo sounds and distention
- ZST and TP
- acid:base
22
Q
what is the cause, signs and conseq of navel ill
A
- navel of oro-resp transm
- swollen navel w/wo other arteries, veins and urachus
- hernia often assoc
- peritonitis, septicaemia and polyarthritis (septic arthritis)
23
Q
what are the RF for navel ill
A
- hygeine at calving (pathogen load) - sep calving pen
- patent navel/too short - str iodine
- FTP!
24
Q
in ideal world - how do you dx navel ill
A
CE - swollen, hard, hernia ?. abdo palpation to see if umb vessels are abscessed
probe
ultrasound - peritonitis and any extension up vessels to liver
25
how do you tx navel ill
LA oxytet or TMS
drainage
excision of infected umb aa and urachus
**if the veins are infected, PTS as will track to liver!
26
what is another name for joint ill
septic arthritis
27
how do you tx joint ill
give long course of Abx, okay if catch early
joint lavage - hard, all pugged up with fibrin deposits
gentamycin beads wedged in the joint (4wks)
28
what is the definition of a bacteraemia or a septicaemia
```
bacteraemia = presence of bacteria in blood 2ry to mucosal damage
septicaemia = multiplication of bacteria in the blood w concurrent endotox (LPS), fatal
```
29
when are the common age windows that septicaemia is seen
>5do - FPT
| 5-14do - decline of IgM
30
what are a few sign sof septicaemia
collapsed, shock
congested conjunctiva w petechiae, DIC
CNS +-
31
what can CSF tell you about the state of septic shock
whether the BBB has been broken down. -- meningtis etc
| if do a CSF tap and its frothy = protein
32
if you were to try and attempt septicaemia tx, what would you do?
- abx
- NSAID - flunixin
- c-steroids 1mg/kg - like a whole bottle, so massive dose
- supportive nursing
33
are the germs which cause septicaemia the same as those that cause d++
NO, except for salmonella
34
what causes calf diphtheria, what is it and the tx
f. necrophorum
oral lesions (sore, foul smelling, ulcerative lesions)
due to poor hygeine
tx w penicillin
35
what does L sides abdo swelling indicate
gas in rumen
36
what does R sided swelling indicate
volvulus, torsion, ex-lap needed
37
what is atresia coli
lack of connection from colon to anus
38
how do you relieve bloat
pass stomach tube - if relieves it was just rumen bloat
listen before and after to adbo sounds and pings
stab LHS
corect RF
froth bloat???
39
why do they get rumen bloat?
- milk going straight to rumen, oesoph groove not closing - ferments and metab acidosis, d+ and bloat
- poor rumen dev
- feed hygeine
40
what are the common causes of d+
```
rotavirus
coronavirus
crypto
ETEC
salmonella
```
41
where do calves get infected with d+ causing paths
- dams low dose seeding
- older calves are path multipliers (either healthy or w d++)
- environ (partic crypto)
- build up over calving block (at end calves 10x more likely to get infection)
42
in the calving area what density shoul dit be
9square metres / cow and calf
43
isolation of pathogen is not nec in tx and control of d+ (except crypto) but what other areas do you need to look at to investigate the d+ outbreak
- hygeine (path load)
- calf immunity (age, FPT..)
- predisposing factors (dystocia, colostrum status, stress, temperature, nutrition since)
44
with beef what impt factor must be done pre-calving with the dm
pre-calving feeding - inc to make sure colostrum good qual
45
what vaccination would you provide the dam which would protect calf against a d+ path
rotavirus, ETC, coronavirus vaccine 30d before calving. Protects calf via colostrum, must feed the calf for at least 4 d
46
to improve exposure of neonates to pathogens, sandhills calving system is good - how does it work
keep fields separated with cow and calves of 1wk difference in age, and move down so that the oldest calves are on the highest path field. then when youngest group are 4wo, mix them up if nec.
47
what are the recognisable signs of coccidiosis
```
>21do
poor food trough hygeine
dark scoure + blood
tenesmus
BAR normally tho
```
48
how do you tx coccidial scour
sulphonamides
49
how d you dx coccidial scour
faecal oocyst coutn
50
what is the cause and signs of necrotic enteritis
```
causes - unknown
2-6mo
usually fatal, but sporadic
pyrexic, pale mm, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia
looks like BVD
PM = necrotic lesions of GIT and resp
```
51
what is peri-wening scour syndrome
pasty scour
poor growth rate
u/k whether any germs involved!
52
what path ar responsible for hypersecretory scour
- ETEC
53
what path ar responsible for malabs d+?
rotavirus
coronavirus
crypto
6do ++
54
desc the basic pathophsy of d+
DH/hypovul = pre-renal failure and shock
metab acidosis = loss of bicarb, lactic acid build up in tissues and from colonic ferm
hyperkalaemia = 2ry to acidosis
hypoglycaemia = starvation
55
are most calves with d+ severely acidotic
yes, more so the older the calves are too
56
how do you tx d++
hypovol
metab acidosis and the hyperkalaemia
hypoglycaemia
57
who gets IVFT and wh doesnt/..
recumbant calves
severely acidortic, but NOT v DH
not improving despite ORS
v sev DH, even if standing
58
what IVFT do you chose in d+ calves
7-20L
vol expander = isotonic
if sev acidotic - give extra bicarb too
if ver 6do it will be SEVERELY acidotic
59
indicators of acid:base are impt to check vefore IVFT, what are you looking for to determine it acidoticity
sucken eyes - mean DH, if not but not standing = acidotic
| 6do + = acidotic
60
how much bicarb would you add to 5L of isotonic fluid
200mmol (dairy); 400mmol (beef)
61
normally isotonic fluids are used, so why choose hypertonic?
directly effect heart - ig hyperkalaemic resolves it
give with oral water too
stops vasocon - prev peripheral shutdown
62
what are the risks of IV FT
- to overshoot and become alkalotic
- thrombo-phlebitis from jugular
- hypocalcaemia
- eith CSF becomes acidotic, or alkaloidotic
63
there are 4 x generation of ORS name them
1. just to correct DH
2. with bicarv
3. with glucose too
4. glutamine which repare GIT villi
64
how should you give a calf ORS and how much
- teat and bucket
- 8L/d pref
- little and often
- milk as well!
65
why should you keep feeding the calf when giving ORS and it still has d+
- maintain BCS
- feed gut microbes
- ensure Ca, Mg, vit intake
--- d+ prob continue and then farmer compliance drops, also food getting fermented in colon may increase acidosis
66
what isthe target dairy calf weaning weight
65+kg
67
what is the target first service and first calving
13mth
| 24mth
68
what is the most common target number in dairy farming
400
| - target heifer service at 400do at a weight of 400kg. and caling interval as adult is about 400d too
69
what is the target growth per day
about a 1kg on average
70
what might reduced calf growth rate
scour (5-21do)
pneumonia (6-12wo)
poor nutrition
crap environ (dz risk inc)
71
what is the correlation between av daily growth as a calf to milf yeild?
better daily growth, better yeild. so feed calves in first 5wks
72
what are the pros and cons of dairy calf housing
hutches - isolated, but dz controleld
individual pens - good dz control
group - better growth rates possible, but bettter management required
73
what is the lower critical temp of a calf
15 degrees, if dry not damp
74
what is the estimates temperature effect of adequate straw
+ 5 degrees
75
when do you aim to wean
when eating 1.5kg
8wo+
weighing 65kg+
76
will rapid growth cause a fatty udder?
NO, farmer myth
77
what does the umbilica a become
round lig of bladder
78
what does the umb v become
round lig in falciform lig
79
what does the urachus become
scar on bladder - hence if patent drips urine from umbilicus
80
what are the most impt bits of a calf clinical exam
suck reflex, joint ill, lungs, CNS
81
desc the different levels of hernia
simple - can push back
partially reducible - hernia + abscess
irreducible - abscess and complete hernia complicated by incarceration, strangulation and adhesions
82
what does pitting oedema suggest of the hernia
urolithiasis and urethral rupture
83
how do ID d/c/sinus tracts
blunt probe in
inj radio-opaque contrast medium
xray/u/sound
84
how do you take an u/sound pic of hernia
b-mode, 7.5-5 MHz linear head
id structures w pus and follow
ID any peritonitis or adhesions
85
what other investigations into the umbilical swelling could you do
paracentesis
pTP or ZnS04 turbidity to asses MDA levels
differential WBCC and fibrinogen to indicate duration of inflamation and be a px factor
86
what factors contribute to the presence of herniation
- genetics 0.4 heritability
- umb infection = 5x more likely to herniate
- poor colostrum/naval dipping
87
what size simple hernia can be left
if 1 finger diameter and fully reducible
88
how can hernias be fixed
surgery - suture together or apply polypropylene mesh (hygeine ++)
89
how longbox rest post hernia repair
1mth
no turnout for another 3mths
then mix into a younger group (so not bullied)
90
what sutures are suitable?
```
abs = vicryl
non-abs = prolene monofilament
```
91
desc the basic surgical technique
elliptical incision, cr to umbilicus
blunt dissect down the hernia to inguinal ring
draw ring edges together
suture skin over on another (vest over pants)/use a mesh
92
how do you treat an infection/abscess which has breached the body wall
arcanobacteria pyogenes and e coli
amoxicillin
open abscess and flush x 2/day
93
how do you tx a patent urachus
flush w abx (amox)
sx to remove urachus and any infected aa (pos all way to bladder)
postop care v impt++
94
desc process of urachal sx
1 stage = wo a hernia - v-midline incision to remove inf urachus
2 stage = tie off urachus from hernia and at the bladder
95
what are the conseq of inf umb v
tracts run to liver - pos need partial hepatectomy
marsupialise umb v out of body wall so it can drain
poor px
96
what are the complications with hernia repair
seroma
re-herniation
infection
aftercare not abided by..
97
how old is a bull when bc fertile
7mo
98
how big should a bulls balls be
28cm
99
what is castrated ram called
wether
100
when do rams bc fertileq
4-6mo (autumn..)
101
why do farmers castrate
safer, less agressive, inc fat, no taint, better colour meat.
102
why shouldn't farmers castrate rams/bulls
welfare - pain, stress, unnatural
reduced growth rates
leaner
103
how long does bull beef taken until slaughter
12-15mths
104
within how long is it legal to ring lambs/calves
1wo
105
if calves are over 3mths, and lambs 2mth who must castrate them
vet
| Local an
106
when should lambs/calves be castrated
```
young = less stress, safer, less risk to animal and less growth setback
older = easier in suckler, inc danger and risk, longer high growth rate
```
107
what LA should be used and where applied
into sp. cord, sc of the scrotum
procaine 5% adrenaline
15 min onset and 1hr+ duration
108
should pain relief post castration be provided if over 2/3mo
yes- NSAIDs
109
whe would burdizzo clamps be preferential to sx
dirty conditions
| no haem+ risk
110
how do you use a burdizzo
push cord laterall
clamp both sides seperatley
'knut-nut'
dont inc urethra
111
what are the pros/cons for open castration
pro - you def get 2 balls, less pain in bigger animals
cons - haem+ (pack with cotton), herniation (if already present- uhoh!!), infection (abx+NSAIDs), gut tie due to recoil of spermatic cord (exlap or cull)
**need tetanus
112
what are the methods of open castration
traction (
113
how to prevent complications of sx castration
```
avoid fly season
keep clean
restrain well for procedure
adeq analgesia
'u'-shaped incision allows drainage
LA OTC
```
114
what piece of equip will do the u shaped incision for you
newberry knife - dai loves em
115
why de-horn
safety, breed for polled, feed-barrier space
116
when to dehorn?
younger = better - smaller
117
where do you inj Local A and what nn are you aiming for for de-horning
cd to orbit bw the ear is a dip - inj
| cervical n, cornual n of trigem
118
disbudding calves easy when small, as get old -what should you do as well
clip hair and clip tip off bud with foot trimmers too
119
why is wire a preferred method in older animals
will cauterise vessels as horn removed
120
what sedation should be used in large cattle
xylazine - 0.5ml i/m.
| --- mix xylazine 6ml in 100ml of procaine and label it (cheats way) = 5-10ml each side
121
what aftercare/checks are impt after dehorning
NSAIDs
-meloxicam
haemorhage
infection - inc sinusitis
122
how do you tx sinusitis
hosepipe into hole, flush and tilt head to drain
| abx --> penicillin/penstrep
123
what are the rules about disbudding horned goats?
need bigger - massive horn buds
124
what is the 1st stage of labour
dilation of cervix - 3-6hrs
| towards end - contraction every 3min (stim fergusons reflex)
125
what is the 2nd stage of labour
expulsion of foetus (begins at sign of waterbag)
126
what is the 3rd stage of labour
expulsion of membranes (wi few hours)
127
when do you intervene
after 1hr fro bag showing
if 1st stage not got to 2nd wi 6hrs
extreme discomfort
+bleeding from vulva
128
name some causes of dystocia
mal pres
foeto-maternal disproportion
congen abn (schmallenburg..)
129
wrt to breech presentations, what is an impt factor to ID in examination
where the umbilicus is
130
where should calving chains be placed
above fetlock - less likely to slip, could fracture MT/MC
below fetlock = slip off
---do a double loop instead
131
is an episiotomy necessary
hopefully not - needs a lot of abx if does. epidural too. just manually dilate for 20mins instead!
132
what are the complications with a foetotomy
uterine, cervical and vaginal tears - from bony edges or the embryotome
metritis
adhesions
133
what are the RF for uterine torsion
POOR RUMEN FILL
hilly lamd
standing up and down
most are anticlockwise
134
uterine torsions mainly begin in stage 1 - how can you tell when its happened
cow stops straining (no ferguson reflex stim)
| vaginal exam - corkscrewed/cant feel anything - per rectum maybe indicative
135
how can you correct uterine torsion
co-ordinate calf swing and ballottment
| roll the cow
136
what indicates a csect
foeto-maternal disproportion
irreducible uterine torsion
insufficient cervical dilation
137
what is clenbuterol used for
to dilate the uterus - cow will not help with contractions after this
138
why should sedation not be used in csect
will cross the placenta and make the neonate less viable etc..
139
what additional considerations shoul be made to a cow under csect if she is standing or down
standing - pass a rope to ensure she doesnt fall on sx site
down - give v high cd analgesia and sedation
140
what is the basic csect tech
- left flank
- incise @ 1hand below transverse processes and 1 hand cd to last rib
- exteriorise uterus (red chance of peritonitis)
- find calfs foot and hock
- incise uterus from hock-toe
- help umbilicus out so doesnt break early
- check twins, remove membranes, close
141
what structures of the placenta must be avoided in csect
caruncles - bleed ++ so need ligating
142
what sutures are used for the uterus in csect
inverted (water tight), monofilament abs
143
what post-csect medication do you give
abx as you close the muscle layers
oxytocin - to help involute
calcium if nec
give calf colostrum+++
144
how do you get a massive emphasematous calf out?
paramedian incision
remove entire horn
give her a massive epidural
145
what are csect complications
haem + and peritonitis - pale and pyrexic at post-op check next day
ovarian and uterine adhesions - probs ID at next PD
retain f membr
metritis
woudn inf, seroma,..
reduced fertility in 20%~
146
what are the causes of uterine prolapse
hypoca
| px = surv 2wks..
147
how do you replace a uterin prolapse
```
cd epidural
clean uterus (salt sol, do de-swell), apply lube and feed back in (may need a bottle at somepoint)
ensure tips of horns fully everted
oxytocin, NSAIDs, abx, ca++
pos place suture
```
