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VSCI300 MOD > Neonatology - calf dz > Flashcards

Neonatology - calf dz Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main causes of METABOLIC acidosis

A
  1. loss of bicarb
  2. extra acid
  3. bicarb gets diluted (bad IVFT)
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2
Q

what are the big changes that happen at birth which might predisp calf to RESP acidosis`

A
  1. placetal to lung oxygenation
  2. full inflation and surfactant distrubution
  3. resp acidosis is required to stim the first breath (so dont panic)
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3
Q

what are the risks to the calf from dytocia

A

fundamentally - hypoxia due to:

  1. compression of umbilicus
  2. prem placental sep
  3. oedema, bruising, fx
  4. METAB acidosis from lactic acid production (fatigue)
  5. RESP acidosis from inability to breath air
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4
Q

what is the likelihood of death after dytocia

A

4-6c more likely

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5
Q

how long after birth should a claf get to sternal recumbancy

A

wi 5mins

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6
Q

why wont csect delivered calves not breath instanty

A

no resp acidosis yet

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7
Q

what happens to the suck reflex in calves with metab acidosis

A

loses it

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8
Q

other than death whata re other conseq of dytocia

A

injury
failure to suck
FPT due to abs/colostrum

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9
Q

what does colostrum contain

A

E, protein, fats, vit
IgA, G, M
GF = IGF1, 2, insulin, prolactin, GH, steroids
inflm cells

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10
Q

what is epigenetic

A

ability to switch genes on / off with molecules

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11
Q

whyi s d+ common at 5do

A

the IgA has ‘run out’ from colostrum, so a point of low immunocompetance

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12
Q

how much can a calf stomach hold and how much should it get ASAP at birth

A

1L capacity (if same as a foal); 4L

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13
Q

what factors are related to quality of colostrum

A
  • time after claving - sooner = more Ig
  • diary - dilution effect, good qual, just need more/calf
  • if skinny cow, give cake before calving
  • systemic or local dz (mastitis etc)
  • shorter dry period = better
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14
Q

what Ig are systemically action and which are locally ‘teflon-effect’ on the GI mucosa?

A

systemic = IgG, IgM
local = IgA and IgG1
all run out from d3+ and d+ risk from d5

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15
Q

how do you assess FPT

A
  • serum Ig (refractometer, ZnS turb and NaS turbidity tests, radial immunodiffusion and nasal stick tests for IgG)
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16
Q

what shoud the result on the TP tests be

A

> 55g/l. include both Ig and albumins..

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17
Q

what 2 pieces of equuip can assess colostrum qual

A
  • brix refractometer

- colostrometer

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18
Q

desc the current best dairy calf management practice

A
  • remove calf wi 2hrs
  • 4L colostrum tubed wi 6 hrs
  • another 3L wi 12hrs then 1L/d after
  • keep colostrum in fridge
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19
Q

what are the conditions fror pasteurisation

A

60 minutes and 65 degrees

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20
Q

what are the 3 most common neonatal calf dz’es

A
  1. d+
  2. navel ill
  3. septicaemia
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21
Q

what are the most impt dx indicators in the neonate

A
  • demeanor, suck reflex
  • TPR, hydration, abdo sounds and distention
  • ZST and TP
  • acid:base
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22
Q

what is the cause, signs and conseq of navel ill

A
  • navel of oro-resp transm
  • swollen navel w/wo other arteries, veins and urachus
  • hernia often assoc
  • peritonitis, septicaemia and polyarthritis (septic arthritis)
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23
Q

what are the RF for navel ill

A
  • hygeine at calving (pathogen load) - sep calving pen
  • patent navel/too short - str iodine
  • FTP!
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24
Q

in ideal world - how do you dx navel ill

A

CE - swollen, hard, hernia ?. abdo palpation to see if umb vessels are abscessed
probe
ultrasound - peritonitis and any extension up vessels to liver

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25
Q

how do you tx navel ill

A

LA oxytet or TMS
drainage
excision of infected umb aa and urachus
**if the veins are infected, PTS as will track to liver!

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26
Q

what is another name for joint ill

A

septic arthritis

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27
Q

how do you tx joint ill

A

give long course of Abx, okay if catch early
joint lavage - hard, all pugged up with fibrin deposits
gentamycin beads wedged in the joint (4wks)

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28
Q

what is the definition of a bacteraemia or a septicaemia

A 
bacteraemia = presence of bacteria in blood 2ry to mucosal damage
septicaemia = multiplication of bacteria in the blood w concurrent endotox (LPS), fatal
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29
Q

when are the common age windows that septicaemia is seen

A

> 5do - FPT

5-14do - decline of IgM

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30
Q

what are a few sign sof septicaemia

A

collapsed, shock
congested conjunctiva w petechiae, DIC
CNS +-

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31
Q

what can CSF tell you about the state of septic shock

A

whether the BBB has been broken down. – meningtis etc

if do a CSF tap and its frothy = protein

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32
Q

if you were to try and attempt septicaemia tx, what would you do?

A
  • abx
  • NSAID - flunixin
  • c-steroids 1mg/kg - like a whole bottle, so massive dose
  • supportive nursing
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33
Q

are the germs which cause septicaemia the same as those that cause d++

A

NO, except for salmonella

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34
Q

what causes calf diphtheria, what is it and the tx

A

f. necrophorum
oral lesions (sore, foul smelling, ulcerative lesions)
due to poor hygeine
tx w penicillin

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35
Q

what does L sides abdo swelling indicate

A

gas in rumen

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36
Q

what does R sided swelling indicate

A

volvulus, torsion, ex-lap needed

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37
Q

what is atresia coli

A

lack of connection from colon to anus

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38
Q

how do you relieve bloat

A

pass stomach tube - if relieves it was just rumen bloat
listen before and after to adbo sounds and pings
stab LHS
corect RF
froth bloat???

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39
Q

why do they get rumen bloat?

A
  • milk going straight to rumen, oesoph groove not closing - ferments and metab acidosis, d+ and bloat
  • poor rumen dev
  • feed hygeine
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40
Q

what are the common causes of d+

A 
rotavirus
coronavirus
crypto
ETEC
salmonella
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41
Q

where do calves get infected with d+ causing paths

A
  • dams low dose seeding
  • older calves are path multipliers (either healthy or w d++)
  • environ (partic crypto)
  • build up over calving block (at end calves 10x more likely to get infection)
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42
Q

in the calving area what density shoul dit be

A

9square metres / cow and calf

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43
Q

isolation of pathogen is not nec in tx and control of d+ (except crypto) but what other areas do you need to look at to investigate the d+ outbreak

A
  • hygeine (path load)
  • calf immunity (age, FPT..)
  • predisposing factors (dystocia, colostrum status, stress, temperature, nutrition since)
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44
Q

with beef what impt factor must be done pre-calving with the dm

A

pre-calving feeding - inc to make sure colostrum good qual

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45
Q

what vaccination would you provide the dam which would protect calf against a d+ path

A

rotavirus, ETC, coronavirus vaccine 30d before calving. Protects calf via colostrum, must feed the calf for at least 4 d

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46
Q

to improve exposure of neonates to pathogens, sandhills calving system is good - how does it work

A

keep fields separated with cow and calves of 1wk difference in age, and move down so that the oldest calves are on the highest path field. then when youngest group are 4wo, mix them up if nec.

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47
Q

what are the recognisable signs of coccidiosis

A 
>21do
poor food trough hygeine
dark scoure + blood
tenesmus
BAR normally tho
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48
Q

how do you tx coccidial scour

A

sulphonamides

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49
Q

how d you dx coccidial scour

A

faecal oocyst coutn

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50
Q

what is the cause and signs of necrotic enteritis

A 
causes - unknown
2-6mo
usually fatal, but sporadic
pyrexic, pale mm, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia
looks like BVD
PM = necrotic lesions of GIT and resp
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51
Q

what is peri-wening scour syndrome

A

pasty scour
poor growth rate
u/k whether any germs involved!

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52
Q

what path ar responsible for hypersecretory scour

A
  • ETEC
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53
Q

what path ar responsible for malabs d+?

A

rotavirus
coronavirus
crypto
6do ++

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54
Q

desc the basic pathophsy of d+

A

DH/hypovul = pre-renal failure and shock
metab acidosis = loss of bicarb, lactic acid build up in tissues and from colonic ferm
hyperkalaemia = 2ry to acidosis
hypoglycaemia = starvation

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55
Q

are most calves with d+ severely acidotic

A

yes, more so the older the calves are too

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56
Q

how do you tx d++

A

hypovol
metab acidosis and the hyperkalaemia
hypoglycaemia

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57
Q

who gets IVFT and wh doesnt/..

A

recumbant calves
severely acidortic, but NOT v DH
not improving despite ORS
v sev DH, even if standing

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58
Q

what IVFT do you chose in d+ calves

A

7-20L
vol expander = isotonic
if sev acidotic - give extra bicarb too
if ver 6do it will be SEVERELY acidotic

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59
Q

indicators of acid:base are impt to check vefore IVFT, what are you looking for to determine it acidoticity

A

sucken eyes - mean DH, if not but not standing = acidotic

6do + = acidotic

60
Q

how much bicarb would you add to 5L of isotonic fluid

A

200mmol (dairy); 400mmol (beef)

61
Q

normally isotonic fluids are used, so why choose hypertonic?

A

directly effect heart - ig hyperkalaemic resolves it
give with oral water too
stops vasocon - prev peripheral shutdown

62
Q

what are the risks of IV FT

A
  • to overshoot and become alkalotic
  • thrombo-phlebitis from jugular
  • hypocalcaemia
  • eith CSF becomes acidotic, or alkaloidotic
63
Q

there are 4 x generation of ORS name them

A
  1. just to correct DH
  2. with bicarv
  3. with glucose too
  4. glutamine which repare GIT villi
64
Q

how should you give a calf ORS and how much

A
  • teat and bucket
  • 8L/d pref
  • little and often
  • milk as well!
65
Q

why should you keep feeding the calf when giving ORS and it still has d+

A
  • maintain BCS
  • feed gut microbes
  • ensure Ca, Mg, vit intake

— d+ prob continue and then farmer compliance drops, also food getting fermented in colon may increase acidosis

66
Q

what isthe target dairy calf weaning weight

A

65+kg

67
Q

what is the target first service and first calving

A

13mth

24mth

68
Q

what is the most common target number in dairy farming

A

400

- target heifer service at 400do at a weight of 400kg. and caling interval as adult is about 400d too

69
Q

what is the target growth per day

A

about a 1kg on average

70
Q

what might reduced calf growth rate

A

scour (5-21do)
pneumonia (6-12wo)
poor nutrition
crap environ (dz risk inc)

71
Q

what is the correlation between av daily growth as a calf to milf yeild?

A

better daily growth, better yeild. so feed calves in first 5wks

72
Q

what are the pros and cons of dairy calf housing

A

hutches - isolated, but dz controleld
individual pens - good dz control
group - better growth rates possible, but bettter management required

73
Q

what is the lower critical temp of a calf

A

15 degrees, if dry not damp

74
Q

what is the estimates temperature effect of adequate straw

A

+ 5 degrees

75
Q

when do you aim to wean

A

when eating 1.5kg
8wo+
weighing 65kg+

76
Q

will rapid growth cause a fatty udder?

A

NO, farmer myth

77
Q

what does the umbilica a become

A

round lig of bladder

78
Q

what does the umb v become

A

round lig in falciform lig

79
Q

what does the urachus become

A

scar on bladder - hence if patent drips urine from umbilicus

80
Q

what are the most impt bits of a calf clinical exam

A

suck reflex, joint ill, lungs, CNS

81
Q

desc the different levels of hernia

A

simple - can push back
partially reducible - hernia + abscess
irreducible - abscess and complete hernia complicated by incarceration, strangulation and adhesions

82
Q

what does pitting oedema suggest of the hernia

A

urolithiasis and urethral rupture

83
Q

how do ID d/c/sinus tracts

A

blunt probe in
inj radio-opaque contrast medium
xray/u/sound

84
Q

how do you take an u/sound pic of hernia

A

b-mode, 7.5-5 MHz linear head
id structures w pus and follow
ID any peritonitis or adhesions

85
Q

what other investigations into the umbilical swelling could you do

A

paracentesis
pTP or ZnS04 turbidity to asses MDA levels
differential WBCC and fibrinogen to indicate duration of inflamation and be a px factor

86
Q

what factors contribute to the presence of herniation

A
  • genetics 0.4 heritability
  • umb infection = 5x more likely to herniate
  • poor colostrum/naval dipping
87
Q

what size simple hernia can be left

A

if 1 finger diameter and fully reducible

88
Q

how can hernias be fixed

A

surgery - suture together or apply polypropylene mesh (hygeine ++)

89
Q

how longbox rest post hernia repair

A

1mth
no turnout for another 3mths
then mix into a younger group (so not bullied)

90
Q

what sutures are suitable?

A 
abs = vicryl
non-abs = prolene monofilament
91
Q

desc the basic surgical technique

A

elliptical incision, cr to umbilicus
blunt dissect down the hernia to inguinal ring
draw ring edges together
suture skin over on another (vest over pants)/use a mesh

92
Q

how do you treat an infection/abscess which has breached the body wall

A

arcanobacteria pyogenes and e coli
amoxicillin
open abscess and flush x 2/day

93
Q

how do you tx a patent urachus

A

flush w abx (amox)
sx to remove urachus and any infected aa (pos all way to bladder)
postop care v impt++

94
Q

desc process of urachal sx

A

1 stage = wo a hernia - v-midline incision to remove inf urachus
2 stage = tie off urachus from hernia and at the bladder

95
Q

what are the conseq of inf umb v

A

tracts run to liver - pos need partial hepatectomy
marsupialise umb v out of body wall so it can drain
poor px

96
Q

what are the complications with hernia repair

A

seroma
re-herniation
infection
aftercare not abided by..

97
Q

how old is a bull when bc fertile

A

7mo

98
Q

how big should a bulls balls be

A

28cm

99
Q

what is castrated ram called

A

wether

100
Q

when do rams bc fertileq

A

4-6mo (autumn..)

101
Q

why do farmers castrate

A

safer, less agressive, inc fat, no taint, better colour meat.

102
Q

why shouldn’t farmers castrate rams/bulls

A

welfare - pain, stress, unnatural
reduced growth rates
leaner

103
Q

how long does bull beef taken until slaughter

A

12-15mths

104
Q

within how long is it legal to ring lambs/calves

A

1wo

105
Q

if calves are over 3mths, and lambs 2mth who must castrate them

A

vet

Local an

106
Q

when should lambs/calves be castrated

A 
young = less stress, safer, less risk to animal and less growth setback
older = easier in suckler, inc danger and risk, longer high growth rate
107
Q

what LA should be used and where applied

A

into sp. cord, sc of the scrotum
procaine 5% adrenaline
15 min onset and 1hr+ duration

108
Q

should pain relief post castration be provided if over 2/3mo

A

yes- NSAIDs

109
Q

whe would burdizzo clamps be preferential to sx

A

dirty conditions

no haem+ risk

110
Q

how do you use a burdizzo

A

push cord laterall
clamp both sides seperatley
‘knut-nut’
dont inc urethra

111
Q

what are the pros/cons for open castration

A

pro - you def get 2 balls, less pain in bigger animals
cons - haem+ (pack with cotton), herniation (if already present- uhoh!!), infection (abx+NSAIDs), gut tie due to recoil of spermatic cord (exlap or cull)
**need tetanus

112
Q

what are the methods of open castration

A

traction (

113
Q

how to prevent complications of sx castration

A 
avoid fly season
keep clean
restrain well for procedure
adeq analgesia
'u'-shaped incision allows drainage
LA OTC
114
Q

what piece of equip will do the u shaped incision for you

A

newberry knife - dai loves em

115
Q

why de-horn

A

safety, breed for polled, feed-barrier space

116
Q

when to dehorn?

A

younger = better - smaller

117
Q

where do you inj Local A and what nn are you aiming for for de-horning

A

cd to orbit bw the ear is a dip - inj

cervical n, cornual n of trigem

118
Q

disbudding calves easy when small, as get old -what should you do as well

A

clip hair and clip tip off bud with foot trimmers too

119
Q

why is wire a preferred method in older animals

A

will cauterise vessels as horn removed

120
Q

what sedation should be used in large cattle

A

xylazine - 0.5ml i/m.

— mix xylazine 6ml in 100ml of procaine and label it (cheats way) = 5-10ml each side

121
Q

what aftercare/checks are impt after dehorning

A

NSAIDs
-meloxicam
haemorhage
infection - inc sinusitis

122
Q

how do you tx sinusitis

A

hosepipe into hole, flush and tilt head to drain

abx –> penicillin/penstrep

123
Q

what are the rules about disbudding horned goats?

A

need bigger - massive horn buds

124
Q

what is the 1st stage of labour

A

dilation of cervix - 3-6hrs

towards end - contraction every 3min (stim fergusons reflex)

125
Q

what is the 2nd stage of labour

A

expulsion of foetus (begins at sign of waterbag)

126
Q

what is the 3rd stage of labour

A

expulsion of membranes (wi few hours)

127
Q

when do you intervene

A

after 1hr fro bag showing
if 1st stage not got to 2nd wi 6hrs
extreme discomfort
+bleeding from vulva

128
Q

name some causes of dystocia

A

mal pres
foeto-maternal disproportion
congen abn (schmallenburg..)

129
Q

wrt to breech presentations, what is an impt factor to ID in examination

A

where the umbilicus is

130
Q

where should calving chains be placed

A

above fetlock - less likely to slip, could fracture MT/MC
below fetlock = slip off
—do a double loop instead

131
Q

is an episiotomy necessary

A

hopefully not - needs a lot of abx if does. epidural too. just manually dilate for 20mins instead!

132
Q

what are the complications with a foetotomy

A

uterine, cervical and vaginal tears - from bony edges or the embryotome
metritis
adhesions

133
Q

what are the RF for uterine torsion

A

POOR RUMEN FILL
hilly lamd
standing up and down
most are anticlockwise

134
Q

uterine torsions mainly begin in stage 1 - how can you tell when its happened

A

cow stops straining (no ferguson reflex stim)

vaginal exam - corkscrewed/cant feel anything - per rectum maybe indicative

135
Q

how can you correct uterine torsion

A

co-ordinate calf swing and ballottment

roll the cow

136
Q

what indicates a csect

A

foeto-maternal disproportion
irreducible uterine torsion
insufficient cervical dilation

137
Q

what is clenbuterol used for

A

to dilate the uterus - cow will not help with contractions after this

138
Q

why should sedation not be used in csect

A

will cross the placenta and make the neonate less viable etc..

139
Q

what additional considerations shoul be made to a cow under csect if she is standing or down

A

standing - pass a rope to ensure she doesnt fall on sx site

down - give v high cd analgesia and sedation

140
Q

what is the basic csect tech

A
  • left flank
  • incise @ 1hand below transverse processes and 1 hand cd to last rib
  • exteriorise uterus (red chance of peritonitis)
  • find calfs foot and hock
  • incise uterus from hock-toe
  • help umbilicus out so doesnt break early
  • check twins, remove membranes, close
141
Q

what structures of the placenta must be avoided in csect

A

caruncles - bleed ++ so need ligating

142
Q

what sutures are used for the uterus in csect

A

inverted (water tight), monofilament abs

143
Q

what post-csect medication do you give

A

abx as you close the muscle layers
oxytocin - to help involute
calcium if nec
give calf colostrum+++

144
Q

how do you get a massive emphasematous calf out?

A

paramedian incision
remove entire horn
give her a massive epidural

145
Q

what are csect complications

A

haem + and peritonitis - pale and pyrexic at post-op check next day
ovarian and uterine adhesions - probs ID at next PD
retain f membr
metritis
woudn inf, seroma,..
reduced fertility in 20%~

146
Q

what are the causes of uterine prolapse

A

hypoca

px = surv 2wks..

147
Q

how do you replace a uterin prolapse

A 
cd epidural
clean uterus (salt sol, do de-swell), apply lube and feed back in (may need a bottle at somepoint)
ensure tips of horns fully everted
oxytocin, NSAIDs, abx, ca++ 
pos place suture

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