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VSCI300 MOD > Pregnancy and neonatology - equine > Flashcards

Pregnancy and neonatology - equine Flashcards

1
Q

how long is the equine preen in days

A

336d

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2
Q

are overdue foals a cause for concern? and why

A

no. variable time to conception

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3
Q

where does fertilisation occur?

A

ampulla

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4
Q

how long does the embryo remain in the oviduct until it enters the uterus

A

5-6d

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5
Q

why does the eq conceptus migrate around the uterus

A

to release maternal recogn of pregnancy hormone to the endometrium which prevents the release of PGs

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6
Q

when does the eq conceptus fix into position and where

A

d15-16 at the base of a horn

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7
Q

when does eq placental attachment begin

A

d36

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8
Q

what also occurs at the same time of placental attachment

A

production of the endometrial cups

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9
Q

what do the endometrial cups secrete

A

eCG

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10
Q

what is the purpose of eCG

A

to maintain primary CL and encourage formation of 2ry CL

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11
Q

between the prog from CL and eCG from endometrial cups, how long do they support the preg

A

5mths

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12
Q

how long does the maternal recog of pregnancy prevent regression of CL

A

14d+

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13
Q

when do the cups degenerate

A

d70-150

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14
Q

after d200 when all the CLs are degenerate what maintains the pregn

A

foetal placental progesterone

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15
Q

what is the significance of the endometrial cups wrt abortion

A

once in place the mare will not cycle until next year. this isn’t good if you want to breed her this year - so do the scan before d35

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16
Q

what is the first sign of successful conception

A

failure to run to oestrous

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17
Q

how can you determine pregnancy using lab results

A

blood samples - eCG from d45-90; oestrogen sulphate d120+
urine - oestrogen sulphate d150+
faecal - oestrogen sulphate, not v reliable

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18
Q

describe the theory of rectal palpation (clinical skills)

A 
lube
insert arm
empty any faeces
feel for intercornual lig the horns bend up
follow horns to softly feel ovaries 
any contractions - remove arm back 
assess cervix, ovaries and uterine tone
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19
Q

when can most people rectally pregnancy dx

A

d40

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20
Q

when can most people undertake rectal u/s

A

d10+ be careful though

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21
Q

what age is the first scan post-mating

A

d14 (and d16 to check if twins, up to here they are motile, so will have moved around each other)

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22
Q

at what age of the embryo is the heartbeat scan

A

d24. also another opportunity to check for twins

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23
Q

is a 3rd scan necessary?

A

no - death unlikely now BUT if you want - at 6wks

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24
Q

what size will the ‘embryo cyst’ be at d14, d16, d25

A

d14 - 1cm
d16 - 1.5cm
d25 - 3cm

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25
Q

if the O will only pay for 1 x scan - when should it be?

A

d28-35. can check alive, check for twins

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26
Q

when would transabdo scanning be implemented to look at a foetus

A

6mths +

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27
Q

when is early embryonic death classified from; when is abortion and when is still birth

A 
EED = d0-40
abortion = d40-300
stillbirth = d300+ (gestation = 336, foal could not survive here, so not strictly speaking still birth - definitions change!!!)
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28
Q

what re the common causes of pregnancy failure

A

viral - EHV-1 and EVA, bacterial, fungal, maternal illness/stress, twins, abnormalities, umbilical torsion

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29
Q

what are the causes of EED

A

older mares
breeding on foal heat
congenital abn
fibrotic/inflamed uterus

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30
Q

describe the properties of EHV-1 and abortion

  • when abortion seen
  • transmission
  • dx
  • tx
  • prevention
A

ubiquitous,
late abortion >5mth - foal may be alive, but will shortly die
transmission = resp, aborted material, vaginal d/c
n-pharyngeal swap or aborted material PCR
no tx, just separated mares from young stock
prev = vaca @ 5, 7, 9 mth of pregnancy

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31
Q

describe the properties of EVA

- dx, tx, prevention..

A

Notifiable in stallions and mares mated wi last 14d
stallions become persistent shedders
mares recover
vaccine available but test beforehand

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32
Q

what are the common causes of bacterial abortion

A

e coli
strep
staph
sometimes salmonella and lepto

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33
Q

how do bacteria cause abortions

A

ascendng infections, haematogenous spread and at breeding. tx with abx and NSAIDs

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34
Q

what is the only common cause of fungal abortion

A

aspergillus

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35
Q

why can’t mares have twins

A

placenta needs to be attached to 70% of foal to provide adequate nutrition

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36
Q

are unilateral or bilaterally distributed twins more likely to survive

A

unilateral as because of the shared space, the one is mor likely to die sooner (thus not compete for space when actually dead..)

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37
Q

what is the % likelihood of a twin pregnancy producing 1 x live foal

A

63%

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38
Q

to complete a twin reduction whats necesary

A

to relax rectum, give NSAIDs to prevent inflammation damaging remaining foal and ‘pop’ or damage it. check again in 24hrs to check successful

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39
Q

often there are not many signs of abortion, unless the mare is systemically ill (and that is the cause of the abortion)

A

vaginal d/c
running milk (prematurely)
colic/foaling signs

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40
Q

occasionally need to induce abortion- how would you do it?

A

3mth = repeated PG inj (2x/day bw d80-150) - abort after 2-5d
dilation of cervix + uterine lavage
transabdominal inj of KCl into f. heart
dislocate f. neck per rectum

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41
Q

how would you induce foaling

A

inj 1-2ml oxytocin very 20 min until starts to foal (mare must be nearly ready though - risk of rupture, torsion, dystocia, retained membranes!)

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42
Q

when is a female horse called a mare, and when a filly?

A

4yo = mare

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43
Q

how do you desc the oestrous of the mare

A

long day poly oestrous

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44
Q

what is the transitional period of mare oestrous

A

beginning and end of season (summer) where irregular cycling - about 6wks. in this period transitional follicles are seen, but none ovulate

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45
Q

when is puberty in the filly

A

12-24mo

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46
Q

how long is the oestrous cycle

A

21d

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47
Q

oestrous lasts ?

A

4-6d (longer and weaker in spring, shorter and stronger in autumn)

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48
Q

when is the mare receptive to the stallion

A

more than 24hrs before she ovulates! which means during the first 1-5days of oestrous ish

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49
Q

how big is the dominant follicle when it ovulates

A

> 35mm

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50
Q

how long is the CL NOT responsive to PGs

A

3-4d

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51
Q

when does the endometrium start to produce PGs

A

d15+ –> luteolysis

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52
Q

what is the common trade name for PG

A

estrumate

53
Q

what is the common trade name for progesterone

A

regumate

54
Q

why might you use PG injections to regulate oestrous

A

induce luteolysis to get oestrous to commence in 3-5d

also to induce abortion

55
Q

why might you use progestogens to regulate oestrous

A

to suppress it - upon withdrawal, oestrous will commence shortly
PRID used in cattle

56
Q

what is the purpose of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (this is a GnRH natural hormone0

A

given in oestrous to encourage the dominant follicle to ovulate wi 24hrs (so mate immediately - as won’t accept him 24hrs before ovulation!!)

57
Q

name a common trade name for GnRH analogue

A

deslorelin

58
Q

when do you give GnRH analogue to manipulate equine oestrous

A

implant, s/c when follicle >30mm (dominant just about to ovulate) - will induce in 48hrs. takes a little longer the eCG

59
Q

how do people bring the breeding season forward

A

artificial lighting over winter: 16hrs light, 8 hrs dark, 2-4wks before winter solstice - mares ovulate 10wks later

60
Q

how long is the unfert oocyte live for

A

12 hrs

61
Q

how long do sperm live

A

48hrs - so mate 24-48hrs before ovulation

62
Q

how can you tell when a mare is in oestrous by scannig

A

dom follicle in 1 x ovary
uterine oedema - cartwheel appearance (this decreases 24hrs before ovulation)
soft cervix - droopy folds,
behaviour

63
Q

what is a general protocol if, upon scanning the mare is in oestrous and when she isn’t

A

if she is = scan again in 24 hrs to see if ovulated

if she isn’t = give PG and scan in 3-5d to see if in oestrous

64
Q

what signs from the dom follicle indicate imminent ovulation

A

pointing and softening

65
Q

how does the CL appear on scan

A

hyperechogenic surrounded by follicles developing

66
Q

when is it worth scanning post-mating

A

12-48 hrs after - assess if she ovulated, if not mate again; to see if twin ovulation and check for fluid in uterine lumen –> endometritis (common)

67
Q

what are the 3 preventative mechanism of bacterial entry to the uterus

A
  1. vulva seal
  2. vestibular seal
  3. cervical competence
68
Q

what happens when the 3 mechanisms preventing bacterial entry to the uterus fail (don’t say bacteria gets in)

A
  • pneumovagina –> predisposes to urovagina –> cervicitis and bacterial contamination
    this leads to endometritis which = failure of pregnancy
69
Q

whats the ideal mare perineal conformation

A

top of vulva level with the ischium
no more than 4cm of the vulva over the pelvic brim
no greater than 10 degree slope of the vulva

70
Q

how do you correct a poor vulva conformatin

A

caslicks vulvoplasty

  • under LA and sedation
  • remove sutures after 2wks
  • need to be re-oponed before foaling
71
Q

how do you correct a persistent CL

A

PG

72
Q

how do you correct anovulatory follicles

A

these just get massive and do nothing

either regress in 4-6wks OR give PG and hope responds

73
Q

granulose cell tumour

A

signs are either nymphomania or stallion like behaviour

dx by scanning and anti-mullerian hormone in blood

74
Q

why is endometritis a big issue

A

doesnt prevent conception

DOES prevent implantation and inflammatory PGs may speed up luteolysis

75
Q

what are the 3 types of endometritis

A
  1. chronic infectious metritis
  2. free fluid in the lime
  3. mating induced endometritis
76
Q

what are the causes of chronic infectious metritis

A
  • poor perineal conformation
  • reduced uterine immune defence
  • strep. zooepidemicus, e coli, pseudomonas, klebsiella, some fungi
  • venereal dz = contagious equine metritis = notifiable!
77
Q

what are the causes of free fluid in the uterine lume

A
  • from oestrous uterine oedema
  • sterile but good to grow bacteria
  • inflammatory itself to the endometrium
  • delayed clearance due to poor motility
78
Q

what are the reasons behind mating induced endometritis

A
  • semen in inflam

- abnormal uterine defences may reduce ability to cope with normal inflammation (from examination, mating, foaling..)

79
Q

if you ID endometritis what do you do

A

uterine swab and smear
cytology
use a speculum or at least a guard
biopsy
tx BEFORE d5 as the conceptus is stallion the oviducts
tx = lavage, oxytocin, intrauterine abx, AI next time

80
Q

what is chronic degenerative endometrial disease

A

progressive deign of endometrium, replaced by fibrosis
from 11yo+
pregnancy slows progression (e.g. brood mares get it later)

81
Q

uterine cysts are a cause of infertility Y or N

A

NOT. they just look like follicles

82
Q

what are the common pre-breeding disease clearances protocols

A
  • clitoral swab for CEM, klebsiella, pseudominas
  • blood for EVA
  • strangles serology
83
Q

what is the diff bw premature and dysmature

A

pre - foal

84
Q

what are the signs of ‘immaturity’ in a foal

A 
domed head
floppy ears
silky hair
low both
long time to stand weak
tendon laxity
incomplete ossification of tars + carpal bones
if severe = index cortisol response and near/renal/endocrine/CV balance
85
Q

what type of placenta does a horse have? whats does this mean for the foal

A

diffuse epitheliochorial

no Ab transfer, NEEDS colostrum

86
Q

what age is foal most at risk of dz

A

2mo as that when maternal levels of IgG fall, and foals haven’t increased enough

87
Q

what is the half life of maternal IgG in foal

A

20d

88
Q

how is colostrum absorbed

A

by special enterocytes via pinocytosis, the only live for 24hrs max, therefore max abs is

89
Q

how much colostrum should foal get wi first 6hrs>

A

1L minumum

90
Q

when is the best time to test for colostrum uptake and how?

A

at 12ho as then time to orally top up before 24hrs. the peak IgG is at 18ho

how = ELISA (SNAP) - expensive,
ZnSO4 tub,
TP or Tot globulin,
glutaraldehyde coagulation (inacc if DH)

91
Q

what parameter defines FPT of IgG

A
92
Q

how soon after birth should a foal have a suck reflex, stand and suck

A 
20min = sucking reflex
1hr = stand
2hr = suck
93
Q

if a ‘healthy’ foal appears not to suck much should you tube it>

A

Yes always, RF to septicaemia too great, better safe than sorry approach

94
Q

when, why and how do you give plasma tx to a foal

A
  • after 24ho if FPT recognised, if foal immunodef syndrome
  • immunoglob, ag, ab
  • 3L mare blood IV after it has settled and separated
95
Q

what is the norm foal neonate HR, temp and RR

A

temp = 37.2-38.9 (adult - 36.5-38.4)
HR (birth) = 40-80; (1wo)= 60-100 (adult = 30)
RR (birth) = 45-60; (1wo) = 35-40; (adult = 15)

96
Q

by how old should meconium be passed by

A

24ho

97
Q

when should urine be passed by

A

6-10 ho (colt

98
Q

what is the av birth weight

A

50kg, 1kg av gain per day

99
Q

how do you ID sepsis

A

blood culture - not gonna be great if you’ve been giving abx remember

  • umb infection (u/s)
  • pneumonia (xray, blood gases)
  • arthritis/osteomyelitis (synovial fluid analysis/xray)
100
Q

how does bacterial and aspiration pneumonia appear on xray

A

focal, ventral bronchioalvlae and hilar area

101
Q

how does viral pneumonia present on xray

A

diffuse and intersitial

102
Q

how does atelectasis appear on xray

A

just alveolar, bronchi are clear

103
Q

what basic tx will a septic foal recieve

A 
ABX (ahminoglycosides - dont cause RF; penicillin)
IVFT
NSAID - flunixin
anti-ulcer sucralfate
intensive nursing - 
20%Bwt in milk/d
circulatory and resp support (dobutamine, and b-dilators, postural, i/n O2) 
diuretics is oliguria persists
104
Q

what is the most common cause of a ‘weak, depressed, off suck’foal?

A

septicaemia

105
Q

what are the common pathogens which cause septicaemia?

A

gram - = e coli, actinobaccilus, salmonella, proteus, klebsiella,
gram + = haemolytic strep and staph and clostridia

106
Q

what gram does penicillin affect

A

gram +

107
Q

what gram does gentamicin affects

A

gram -

108
Q

what ar the clinical signs of septicameia

A
  • injected sclera (v bloody conjunctiva)
  • inc RR and effort
  • not consistent temp
  • severe lameness, joint swelling
  • hypopyon (pus in anterior chamber of eye)
  • congested, dark mm and petechial haem +
109
Q

what is the pathogenesis of SIRS

A

systemic inflammatory response syndrome

  • Ag attack emphases –> cytokines produced
  • inflam mediators cause +++ vasodil
  • inc BMR
  • inc CO, initially (hyper dynamic) THEN gives up (hypo dynamic) after this = refractory = give up..
  • = multiple organ failure and ..death
110
Q

what are the ddx for respiratory signs in a foal (other than septicaemia..)

A

viral, bacterial pneumonia, meconium aspiration, pneumo/haemothorax, pulmonary hypertension and central rest depression

111
Q

in older (arab) foals with recurrent respiratory infections, what should you be concerned about?

A

SCID

112
Q

what is SCID and how to dx

A 
failure to produce B and T l# that function
autosomal recessive n arabs/x
apparent at 2mo+
lymphopaenia EVEN if WBCC normal!
only confirm dx on PM
113
Q

what is perinatal asphyxia syndrome (PAS)?

A

‘dummy foals’ due to hypoxic ischaemic encephalotopathy

- from repercussion injury to brain, kidneys, GI in utero OR at birth

114
Q

how do you tx PAS

A

basic care as norm, good px if NOT septic too

give dimethyl sulfoxide IV for the cerebral oedema

115
Q

what are the presenting signs of a rupture bladder in a foal and what dx signs are found

A
  • dysuria at 2-3do; abode distention develops

- dx = post-renal azotaemia as urine equilibrates with serum e-lytes; u/s = fluid

116
Q

what is ban about a normal foals creatinine and urea

A

?creatinine = 40% higher than adults
urea = v low due to liquid diet
and proteinuria Normal from d1-3

117
Q

why is it impt to stabilise the foal before operating on the bladder

A

because the - hyperkalaemic = induce arrhythmias so give 0.9 saline w glucose

  • resp distress and atelectasis needs to be corrected - give O2, IPPV
  • remove abdo fluid
  • IVFT for acidosis too
118
Q

what are some ddx of a foal with colic

A
  • meconium impaction
  • ruptured bladder
  • overfeeding/lactose into (indicated if worsens after feeding)
  • gastric ulcers
  • obstruction
  • congen
119
Q

what are 4 poss causes of jaundice and paresis

A

tyzzers dz
EHV-1
sepsis
XS Fe++

120
Q

what are 2 causes of anaemia in the foal

A

haem+

hemolysis

121
Q

the mare of a foal with neonatal isoerythrolysis can be stripped out and the foal put back, how can you tell when this is safe

A

agglut test with foal blood and colostrum - if agglut - not safe.

122
Q

if you need to give an NI foal and transfusion, can you use the mares blood

A

yes - only her RBC not plasma though

123
Q

what is foal immunodeficiency syndrome (FIS)

A

dales/fell
anaemia, weakness from 3wo
immunoddef + 2ry illnesses, fatal

124
Q

what are the common path of foal d+

A
  • foal heat d+
  • clostridia
  • septicaemia (e coli, salmonella)
  • campy
  • rotavirus (older foals)
125
Q

wy do foals get d+ at foal heat

A

pos changes in milk comp, mare hormones.. etc doesn’t matter - self limiting

126
Q

why is clostridial d+ so nasty

A
  • severe p/acute often fatal
  • necrotising (smells really bad)
  • C. diff and perfringens most common = commensal!
  • contagious+++
    tx = pen
127
Q

what are causes of d+ in the older foal

A

rotavirus
coronavirus, adenovirus (immunocompromised only)
crypto
giardia
rhodococcus equi (abscesses in lungs and GIT)

128
Q

what is the causal organism of equine proliferative enteropathy

A

lawsonia intracellular - same as pigs

VSCI300 MOD (32 decks)

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