Fluid therapy and analysis Flashcards
for a blood sample what is a good size needle and syringe to use
21G 1inch (D) 23G 1 inch (C)
what are the purple tubes? uses?
EDTA
whole blood haematology
chelates ca++
invert
yellow tubes? uses?
serum
slow in horses
dont spin
grey tubes? uses?
f/oxalate
glucose determination
F inhibits glycolysis
green tubes? uses?
lithium heparin
idexx test for glucose. run for 30m
blue tubes? uses?
citrate
anticoag
clear tubes? uses?
serum activator
spin and separate serum
no cytology
white plastic tube? uses?
plain other fluids (not blood)
name some technique to get cytology samples
FNA
impressions
scrapes
swab samples
what does pollakuria mean?
XS daytime urinatiing
urine sampling - catheter. what device is required for the bitch
vaginoscope
what anatomy makes catheterising the bicth difficult?
vaginal papilla
clitoral fossa
why must urinalysis be conducted swiftly?
as CO2 evapourates the pH rises and crystals form
uro/bilirubin bdown
bacteria grow/die
what is the renal threshold?
10mmol/L of glucose
what does USG do?
compare the weight of urine to that of pure water
what parasites are found in the renal tubules and capillaries
dioctophyma renal and capillaria
how do you determine if blood in urine is haematuria or haemoglobinuria
spin down.
if supernatant is clear = haematuria if not then from free Hb in supernatant due to intravascular haemolysis
how can myoglobinuria and haemaglobinuria be told apart?
by checking CK levels
haematology - as myoglobin is v small it would leak out of blood into urine and so no stain of the blood plasma also see casts
what cells are usually seen in exudates
high protein
nucleated cells
non-septic exudates usually are caused by..
rupture
FIP
pancreatitis
if there is a high protein content in an exudate how can you tell
frothy
desc what normal synovial fluid should look like
clear
hypocellular
viscous
define shock
failure of microcirculation to deliver adequate O2 and nutrition
5 types of shock are:
- hypovol - loss
- cardiogenic - HF
- mldistrubutive - inc or dec R
- metabolic - anaemia, hypoglycaemia
- obstructive - tamponade, TEs, DIC
cardiovascular shock effects following septic insult has three phases
- hyperdynamic - congestion, fast CRT, high HR, inc CO
- hypodynamic - weak pulses, cold, inc CRT
- refractory - unresponsive to treatment
what is the fct of isotonic crystalloids?
replacement 50/mg/kg/bolus
colloid fct>?
If TP or COP dropped 10ml/kg/bolus
fct of hypertonic saline?
RAPID volume expansion 4mg/kg/bolus. wont last..
fluids aim to correct poor perfusion in circulatory shut down, if they dont what can you use?
+ve inotropes
vasopressors
what should the mean arterial pressure be?
60 mmHg
desc water distrubution in the body of an adult
66% of BWt = water
33% of that = ECF and 66% of that = ICF
25% of ECF = i.v (plasma) and 75% = ISF
what % of BWt is the total blood volume?
D+H = 8%
C, rabbits, ruminants = 6%
normal maintenance reqyuirements are 50mg/kg/d why
thats how much water is lost via sensible and insensible losses in one day
what is a neonates daily maintenance?
double @ 100ml/kg/d
for sx maintenance how much fluids should be given?
1-2x maintenance
define Dh
deficit of water throughout ALL compartments
how much ‘watery’ crystalloid will remain in vasculature after 1hr
1/12th
how much ‘salty’ crystalloid will remain in vascularture in 1 hr
1/4
what do colloids contain?
proteins, sugar, starch
at 5-7% DH what clinical signs are visible?
tachy mm, normal skin turgor
at 8-10% DH what clinical signs are visible?
v dry mm, dull eyes, sucken, loss of turgor
at 10+% DH what clinical signs are there?
vv dry, sucken globes, tend, moribund, altered mentation
12%+ DH shows what clinical signs
nearly dead…
what is required in the giving set if giving a transfusion
in-line filter
what is a generic bolus rate for crystalloid
20 ml/kg/30mins
what is generic boluc colloid rate?
1 ml/kg/30mins
