Fluid therapy and analysis

Question 1

for a blood sample what is a good size needle and syringe to use

Answer 1

21G 1inch (D)
23G 1 inch (C)

Question 2

what are the purple tubes? uses?

Answer 2

EDTA
whole blood haematology
chelates ca++
invert

Question 3

yellow tubes? uses?

Answer 3

serum
slow in horses
dont spin

Question 4

grey tubes? uses?

Answer 4

f/oxalate
glucose determination
F inhibits glycolysis

Question 5

green tubes? uses?

Answer 5

lithium heparin

idexx test for glucose. run for 30m

Question 6

blue tubes? uses?

Answer 6

citrate

anticoag

Question 7

clear tubes? uses?

Answer 7

serum activator
spin and separate serum
no cytology

Question 8

white plastic tube? uses?

Answer 8

plain
other fluids (not blood)

Question 9

name some technique to get cytology samples

Answer 9

FNA
impressions
scrapes
swab samples

Question 10

what does pollakuria mean?

Answer 10

XS daytime urinatiing

Question 11

urine sampling - catheter. what device is required for the bitch

Answer 11

vaginoscope

Question 12

what anatomy makes catheterising the bicth difficult?

Answer 12

vaginal papilla

clitoral fossa

Question 13

why must urinalysis be conducted swiftly?

Answer 13

as CO2 evapourates the pH rises and crystals form
uro/bilirubin bdown
bacteria grow/die

Question 14

what is the renal threshold?

Answer 14

10mmol/L of glucose

Question 15

what does USG do?

Answer 15

compare the weight of urine to that of pure water

Question 16

what parasites are found in the renal tubules and capillaries

Answer 16

dioctophyma renal and capillaria

Question 17

how do you determine if blood in urine is haematuria or haemoglobinuria

Answer 17

spin down.

if supernatant is clear = haematuria if not then from free Hb in supernatant due to intravascular haemolysis

Question 18

how can myoglobinuria and haemaglobinuria be told apart?

Answer 18

by checking CK levels
haematology - as myoglobin is v small it would leak out of blood into urine and so no stain of the blood plasma also see casts

Question 19

what cells are usually seen in exudates

Answer 19

high protein

nucleated cells

Question 20

non-septic exudates usually are caused by..

Answer 20

rupture
FIP
pancreatitis

Question 21

if there is a high protein content in an exudate how can you tell

Answer 21

frothy

Question 22

desc what normal synovial fluid should look like

Answer 22

clear
hypocellular
viscous

Question 23

define shock

Answer 23

failure of microcirculation to deliver adequate O2 and nutrition

Question 24

5 types of shock are:

Answer 24

1. hypovol - loss
2. cardiogenic - HF
3. mldistrubutive - inc or dec R
4. metabolic - anaemia, hypoglycaemia
5. obstructive - tamponade, TEs, DIC

Question 25

cardiovascular shock effects following septic insult has three phases

Answer 25

1. hyperdynamic - congestion, fast CRT, high HR, inc CO 2. hypodynamic - weak pulses, cold, inc CRT 3. refractory - unresponsive to treatment

Question 26

what is the fct of isotonic crystalloids?

Answer 26

replacement 50/mg/kg/bolus

Question 27

colloid fct>?

Answer 27

If TP or COP dropped 10ml/kg/bolus

Question 28

fct of hypertonic saline?

Answer 28

RAPID volume expansion 4mg/kg/bolus. wont last..

Question 29

fluids aim to correct poor perfusion in circulatory shut down, if they dont what can you use?

Answer 29

+ve inotropes | vasopressors

Question 30

what should the mean arterial pressure be?

Answer 30

60 mmHg

Question 31

desc water distrubution in the body of an adult

Answer 31

66% of BWt = water 33% of that = ECF and 66% of that = ICF 25% of ECF = i.v (plasma) and 75% = ISF

Question 32

what % of BWt is the total blood volume?

Answer 32

D+H = 8% | C, rabbits, ruminants = 6%

Question 33

normal maintenance reqyuirements are 50mg/kg/d why

Answer 33

thats how much water is lost via sensible and insensible losses in one day

Question 34

what is a neonates daily maintenance?

Answer 34

double @ 100ml/kg/d

Question 35

for sx maintenance how much fluids should be given?

Answer 35

1-2x maintenance

Question 36

define Dh

Answer 36

deficit of water throughout ALL compartments

Question 37

how much 'watery' crystalloid will remain in vasculature after 1hr

Answer 37

1/12th

Question 38

how much 'salty' crystalloid will remain in vascularture in 1 hr

Answer 38

1/4

Question 39

what do colloids contain?

Answer 39

proteins, sugar, starch

Question 40

at 5-7% DH what clinical signs are visible?

Answer 40

tachy mm, normal skin turgor

Question 41

at 8-10% DH what clinical signs are visible?

Answer 41

v dry mm, dull eyes, sucken, loss of turgor

Question 42

at 10+% DH what clinical signs are there?

Answer 42

vv dry, sucken globes, tend, moribund, altered mentation

Question 43

12%+ DH shows what clinical signs

Answer 43

nearly dead...

Question 44

what is required in the giving set if giving a transfusion

Answer 44

in-line filter

Question 45

what is a generic bolus rate for crystalloid

Answer 45

20 ml/kg/30mins

Question 46

what is generic boluc colloid rate?

Answer 46

1 ml/kg/30mins