cardiology - FA Flashcards
how can you assess the CV system of a cow from a distance
- oedema - brisket and intermandibular
- posture
- Resp effort
- condition, presenting signs, hx
how can you assess CV of a cow, ‘hands on’
skin tenting - DH.
regional temp (ears etc) - perfusion
mm, CRT (conjunct, gingiva, vulva)
venous distention
if the mm are brick red - what are suspected causes
toxaemia
- salmon, pasteurellosis, MCF, IBR, infectious bov keratoconjunctivitis
if the mm are cyanotic - what might the signs be>
resp failure
nitrites or metaldehyde poison
congenital abn.
if the animal is jaundice - what are the suspicions
- hepatitis, lepto, haemolytic anaemia
- babesia, ragwort, kale, lupin, Cu+
- photosensitisation
what are the causes of haemorahaggic mm
anthrax
bracken
copper poisoning
leapt and mycotoxins
what HR is normal for calves and cows
calves = 100-120 cows = 50-80 (+ if high yielding)
where can you feel the pulse on a cow
middle coccygeal v (10cm below anus)
ext maxillary
cd auricular
in a normal cow how far up the jugular will the pulse remain normal
1/3. if any more than that = indicates high p
where would you locate the base and apex of the heart in the cow
base = 3rd-6th rib apex = 6th rib where it articulates with sternum
where will you find PAM?
3-4th IC space
where will you find the tricuspid valve
4th rib, 10cm above sternum
what might causes a heart murmur
valvular endocarditis
- stenosis, regurg,
desc in a basic manner the way to tell systolic from pre-systolic to diastolic murmur
persist = brr-lub dub systolic= lub, brr- dup diastolic = lud-dub-brr
which valve is most commonly effected by endocarditis
R AV valve
how does endocarditis occur and what is the dx and tx
persistent bacteraemia (from mastitis, nephritis)
leads to shifting lameness from emboli
dx - blood culture
name some path which might cause endocarditis
truperella progenies cl chauvoie e coli mycoplasma strep and staph mannheimia
congenital defect might also cause murmurs - name some
VSD PDA Patent FO Tetralogy of ballot aortic stenosis
anaemia can cause a murmur - what does it sound like
humming
what are some causes of myocardial weakness
septicaemia
deficiency - Cu, Se, VitE
poison
congen
what extra-cardia causes of murmur are there?
diaphragmatic hernia
ruminal tympany
oesoph obstruction
when are pericardial sounds heard
pansystolically
muffled, gurgle
what organisms that don’t cause endocarditis can cause pericarditis
TB - SO DONT DRAIN IT
haemophilia somnus
what are the clinical signs of pericarditis
shallow breathing
abducted elbows
what are the major risks of pericarditis
rupture of coronary vessel of ventricle
what ar the signs fDCM in cattle and who gets it
2-3yo holsteins certain bulls throw them peripheral oedema jug distension rounded heart
how can rumenitits lead to Cd VC thrombosis
acidosis leading to rumentitis
local invasion of inflammation to liver –> abscess
thrombosis –> cd vC
why is pulmonary oedema only really seen in acute case?
compensatory inc in lymph drainage
what obvious signs of rest compromise can be seen as a result of CHF
- nasal d/c of palm oedema. frothy white
- bilat epistaxis from pulm embolism
tachypnoea
what signs can be palpated in the abdo of CHF>
ascites
hepatomegaly (RHS)
how do you tx CHF in cattle
essentially –> needs to go as fallen stock/if early enough get it onto the wagon to slaughert
what disease states can cause myocardial necrosis?
FMD histophilus somni clostridia (no chauvenoi) vit e and se fe+++ toxin piglets porcine stress syndrome
what are the many names of myopathy caused by Vit E and Se deficiency (anti-oxidants)
pig = mulberry heart
calf= white muscle dz
still lamb dz
nutritional muscular dystrophy
name some ddx for sudden death of cattle (and sheep)
- haem - calving, NSAID ulcer
- plant (yew) toxicity
- lightening
- electrocution
- hypo-mg
- hypo-ca
- toxaemia
- bloat
- luck leg and black dz
- anthrax
