Right Realists on how crime can be reduced

Question 1

What do Right Realists say need to be increased when comitting crimes?

Answer 1

The costs of committing a crime

Question 2

Who created rational choice theory?

Answer 2

Clarke

Question 3

What does Clarke argue about people choosing to commit crimes?

Answer 3

It is a choice to commit crime

Question 4

What does it mean for crime frequency if rewards outweigh the costs?

Answer 4

More people will commit crimes

Question 5

What does it mean if the costs of committing crimes are low?

Answer 5

People are unlikely to get caught

Question 6

What form of policing do Right Realists want to reduce crime?

Answer 6

Zero-tolerance policing

Question 7

What does zero-tolerance policing mean?

Answer 7

Strict punishments for all forms of crime

Question 8

Give an example of a crime that would receive a conviction in zero-tolerance policing

Answer 8

Littering

Question 9

What will the rational choice of individuals be if zero-tolerance policing was implemented?

Answer 9

To not commit a crime

Question 10

What do Left Realists argue zero-tolerance policing fails to address?

Answer 10

The underlying causes of crime

Question 11

What did Left Realists Lea and Young argue causes crime?

Answer 11

Relative deprivation

Question 12

How do Left Realists believe policies should be structured to reduce crime?

Answer 12

Make the working class feel less marginalised

Question 13

What would Interactionists criticise about zero-tolerance policing?

Answer 13

Ethnic minorities are more likely to be receive punishments

Question 14

What concept did the Interactionist, Reiner create?

Answer 14

Canteen culture

Question 15

What does canteen culture say?

Answer 15

Police norms and values developed with their friends at their lunch break reflect their norms and values in their work

Question 16

What types of norms and values are produced in canteen culture according to Reiner?

Answer 16

Racist norms and values

Question 17

If racist norms and values are produced in canteen culture, who will police officers stop more often?

Answer 17

Ethnic minorities

Question 18

What do Right Realists believe will occur if minor crimes are not punished?

Answer 18

Crime will increase

Question 19

Which Right Realists developed the broken windows theory?

Answer 19

Wilson and Kelling

Question 20

What does the broken windows theory say?

Answer 20

If someone breaks a window in an abandoned building and it is not repaired, others will come along and break other windows

Question 21

What is the broken windows metaphor in the sense of littering?

Answer 21

If someone were to litter and it was not dealt with by the law, others would litter

Question 22

What type of signal do crimes being left unattended to create in neighbourhoods according to Wilson and Kelling?

Answer 22

A signal telling the neighbourhood that crime is acceptable

Question 23

What do Wilson and Kelling believe would happen if there was more social control in neighbourhoods?

Answer 23

There would be less crime

Question 24

What small crime did New York police reduce in subway stations?

Answer 24

People who did not pay to get on the subway

Question 25

How did reducing the crime of not paying to get on the subway reduce other crimes?

Answer 25

Lots of the people who were caught not paying had knives and guns on them and they were arrested

Question 26

What do Wilson and Kelling argue can be done with informal social control?

Answer 26

It can be strengthened

Question 27

What would it mean if there was strengthened informal social control when someone was trying to commit a crime?

Answer 27

There would be someone around who would deter them from offending

Question 28

What would Functionalists agree on with Wilson and Kelling’s argument with broken windows theory?

Answer 28

If minor crimes go unpunished, then crime will increase

Question 29

Which Functionalist created the concepts of anomie and value consensus?

Answer 29

Durkheim

Question 30

What is anomie?

Answer 30

When people do not know what norms and values to follow

Question 31

Why will there be increased anomie if minor crimes go unpunished?

Answer 31

People will be uncertain if they are illegal or not

Question 32

What is value consensus?

Answer 32

When everyone in society agrees on the same set of values

Question 33

Why will the value consensus be threatened if minor crimes go unpunished?

Answer 33

People will not know if values are the same anymore

Question 34

What do Right Realists argue about guardians in relation to crime decreasing?

Answer 34

If there are more guardians in society, crime will decrease

Question 35

Who created the concept of routine activity theory?

Answer 35

Felson

Question 36

What does Felson argue routine activity theory explains?

Answer 36

Explains why people commit crime

Question 37

What is the first element that Felson argues will influence people to commit a crime in terms of with the offender?

Answer 37

A motivated offender

Question 38

What is the second element that Felson argues will influence people to commit a crime in terms of with the target?

Answer 38

There is a suitable target for the crime

Question 39

What is the third element that Felson argues will influence people to commit a crime in terms of a guardian’s presence?

Answer 39

There is an absence of a guardian

Question 40

Name 2 potential guardians in society

Answer 40

Neighbours, police officers

Question 41

Name a formal guardian

Answer 41

Police officers

Question 42

Name an informal guardian

Answer 42

Neighbours

Question 43

What does Felson argue will happen with crime if there are more formal or informal guardians?

Answer 43

Crime will decrease

Question 44

What would Postmodernists argue about Right Realist explanations of reducing crime?

Answer 44

They are outdated

Question 45

What did the Postmodernist, Lyng say about why people commit crime?

Answer 45

It is to give them a thrill of either getting caught or getting away with it

Question 46

What did the Postmodernist, Katz say about why people commit crime?

Answer 46

They are attracted to crimes by the seductive element of committing them