Feminists on Crime and Deviance Flashcards
Who said a patriarchal society imposes more social control on women?
Heidensohn
Name a way girls are taught to act in primary socialisation
Nurturing
What does more social control under a patriarchy result in for frequency of female crimes?
Women commit less crimes than men
Name a way boys are taught to act in primary socialisation
Aggressive
Name 2 crimes women are less likely to commit
Murder, Assault
What did Heidensohn say is the impact of girls being taught about sexual violence?
They are less likely to go out as often
Name a type of crime women will be less likely to commit by spending more time at home
Corporate crimes
Which Feminist said there were 2 parts of primary socialisation preventing girls from committing crimes?
Oakley
According to Oakley, what are the 2 parts of primary socialisation preventing girls from committing crime?
Canalisation and Verbal Appellations
What would Marxists say Feminists focus too much on?
Gender
How does Canalisation make girls commit less crimes?
They are given toys which do not encourage aggressiveness
How do Verbal Appellations like “pretty girl” make girls commit less crime?
They make girls want to focus on their beauty
What does it mean if Feminists focus too much on gender for Marxists?
They ignore how class can make people commit crime
How could McRobbie’s concept support Heidensohn’s observations?
Girls will spend more time inside so will follow the bedroom culture
What did Taylor Walton and Young say?
Working class people committed crimes to distribute wealth from the rich to the poor
Who created the idea of the “Deals” in society?
Carlen
What 2 “Deals” are women given in society?
The Class Deal and the Gender Deal
What is the gender deal?
The idea that if women conform to their gender roles then they will receive emotional rewards
What is the class deal?
The idea that if women work hard they will be rewarded with a good income
Give an example of an emotional reward
Family life
Who did Carlen interview?
Working class women who were criminals
Why did the women Carlen interviewed not believe in the class deal?
They had no qualifications so could not find higher-paying work
Why did the women Carlen interviewed not believe in the gender deal?
They had been abused by family members and partners
Why did the women’s background make them not believe in the gender deal?
They did not want to start a family
Why did the women’s background make them not believe in the class deal?
They did not have qualifications
Which Feminist study support’s Carlens in relation to the dysfunctional family element?
Batchelor
What did Batchelor find with the family backgrounds of the girls in the gang?
They had dysfunctional families
Why did girls in Batchelor’s study seek belonging in gangs?
They would feel like part of a family
What do Postmodernists say about structural causes of crime?
There are no structural causes of crime
What did Henry and Milovanovic argue?
People have different needs for committing crimes
What does it mean if every person has unique needs to committing crimes?
They cannot be related to structural causes of crime
What will women do due to feminist ideas?
Get a job
Who created Liberation theory?
Adler
Name a law Feminists campaigned for
1975 Sex Discrimination Act
What is Liberation theory?
The idea that Feminist ideas have encouraged women to have less of a domestic role
What did the Sex Discrimination Act mean?
Women would not be discriminated in jobs
Why do women now have more opportunities to commit WCC and CC?
Because more women are in jobs
Why are masculine traits encouraged to women in the workplace?
To increase sales
Who argued young women are adopting masculine behaviours?
Denscombe
Name someone who studied a girl anti-school subculture
Jackson
Name a masculine behaviour women are adopting
Aggression
Name 2 deviant norms and values Jackson found among girls
Drinking and Smoking
Which institution would other Feminists say have spread the myth of increasing female crime?
The media
What would other Feminists argue about an increase in female criminality?
There has not been an increase
Which 2 Feminists analysed media coverage of the Ladettes?
Jackson and Tinkler
Which female deviant behaviour did the media exaggerate?
Drinking
Which theory did Heidensohn create?
Double deviance theory
What do Feminists argue about police and court treatment of women?
They are more harsh to female offenders
What did Jackson and Tinkler say had been created by the media?
A moral panic
Whose theory does double deviance state is a myth?
Pollaks chivalry thesis
Is Pollak a Feminist?
No
What did Pollak argue?
Women are treated more leniently by male police officers and court judges
What does Pollak say about why male police officers and court judges are more lenient to female offenders?
They see them as vulnerable and not fully responsible for their actions
Due to Pollaks chivalry thesis, how will court judges rule female sentences?
They will give them a less harsh conviction
What does double deviance theory say about the treatment of women by the police and courts?
They are treated more harshly
What is the first punishment under double deviance theory?
They are punished for committing crimes in a similar way to men
What is the second punishment under double deviance theory?
They are punished for going against their gender roles
Who observed the Aileen Wournos case?
Lizzie Seal
Did Aileen Wuournous know the people she killed?
They were strangers
How did the double deviance punishment element of going against gender norms apply in terms of the crime?
Aileen Wuournos had killed people
How did the double deviance punishment element of killing in a masculine way apply?
Killing strangers was seen as a more masculine killer trait
How did Aileen Wuournos look?
She looked masculine
How could looking masculine have applied to a double deviance element?
Because this would be a further deviation from female gender roles
What would Interactionists argue Feminists ignore with police treatment of women?
The impact of class and ethnicity on how people are treated
What concept did Cicourel create?
‘Typical Delinquent’ stereotype
What does the typical delinquent idea say?
Police are likely to have an idea of who a typical delinquent is
What is the general police view of a delinquent with CAGE?
Working class young male from an ethnic minority
Where are typical delinquents more likely to live in cities?
Inner city areas
What is the barrier to justice for women in courts?
The jury
What does Walklate argue?
In female rape cases, it is the victim who is on trial
Why does Walklate argue the rape victim is on trial?
The woman has to prove her respectability to have her evidence accepted
What will jury members assume if the victim has led a promiscuous lifestyle?
That rape was inevitable
What is an issue with Jury members over rape cases?
They make outdated assumptions
What may happen to the offender if the jury thinks rape was inevitable?
They may not be convicted
How old was the victim for the Irish rape case?
17 years old
What did the lawyer do in the case?
Held up a pair of female underwear to show that it was what the girl was wearing
What was the idea created when showing the underwear in the court case?
That rape was inevitable
What happened to the offender?
They were not convicted
What did Official Crime Statistics find in 2021 with challenges to female victims in cases?
There were challenges in areas other than courts to female victims
What is the negative impact for rape victims over the CPS changing their attitudes to these cases?
Less cases will not be looked at
Why do digital searches make rape victims less likely to be convicted?
40% of individuals do not want all of their devices to fully be searched
Who suggested there were more challenges to women in successful crime convictions in 2021?
Barr and Topping
How have the Crown Protection Service changed their attitudes to rape cases?
They have started to only focus on easier cases to solve
What is the positive impact for CPS in changing their attitudes to rape cases?
They get a higher conviction rate
Why do cuts to specialist rape units mean less offenders will be convicted?
There are less skilled people who have a focus on these cases
