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Sociology - Crime and Deviance > Crime Policies > Flashcards

Crime Policies Flashcards

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1
Q

Name a situational crime prevention technique Right Realists argue reduce crime

A

Target hardening

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2
Q

What does target hardening involve?

A

Making it harder to commit a crime

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3
Q

How might a building do target hardening?

A

Install lights in dimly lit areas

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4
Q

Name a feature of a car which is target hardening

A

Being able to lock the car

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5
Q

Which Right Realist would say target hardening increases the costs of committing crimes?

A

Clarke

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6
Q

What theory did Clarke create?

A

Rational Choice Theory

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7
Q

Why does Clarke say committing crimes is a rational choice in modern society?

A

The rewards are higher than the costs

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8
Q

Which 2 Postmodernists would say target hardening only increases crime?

A

Katz, Lyng

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9
Q

What did Lyng say crime acted as for people?

A

Edgework

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10
Q

What is edgework?

A

When people are between the thrill of getting away with a crime and the danger of getting caught

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11
Q

What did Lyng say happens with crimes if things like CCTV are implemented in areas?

A

Crime will increase

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12
Q

Why does Lyng say crime will increase if CCTV and other crime prevention techniques are made?

A

It makes it more challenging to get away with a crime

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13
Q

What does Katz say about why people commit crimes?

A

They have a seductive nature to them

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14
Q

What does Katz say people get out of committing crimes?

A

They experience pleasure

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15
Q

What form of policing would Right Realists say reduces crime?

A

Zero-tolerance policing

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16
Q

What is zero-tolerance policing?

A

Having the police arrest someone no matter the crime

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17
Q

Name an action which would result in an arrest in zero-tolerance policing?

A

Littering

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18
Q

Which Right Realists created the concept of the broken windows theory?

A

Wilson and Kelling

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19
Q

What does broken windows theory say?

A

If one person commits a crime and it is not followed up, many other people will commit the crime as well

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20
Q

What small crime did the New York police start acting on in subway stations?

A

People not paying for tickets

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21
Q

How did the zero-tolerance policing in New York subways prevent other crimes?

A

The people who were arrested for not paying for tickets also had guns and knives on them

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22
Q

Which 2 Interactionists would say zero-tolerance policing is likely to be applied more to ethnic minorities?

A

Reiner, Cicourel

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23
Q

What concept did Reiner create?

A

Canteen culture

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24
Q

What does canteen culture say?

A

The racist norms and values created on police officers lunch breaks will be reflected in their work

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25
Q

If canteen culture values are reflected in police officers’ work, who will be stopped and searched more often?

A

Ethnic minorities

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26
Q

What did Cicourel find police had?

A

A stereotypical view of the ‘typical delinquent’

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27
Q

Give the full CAGE description for the typical delinquent and where they would live

A

Working class young male from an ethnic minority living in an inner city area

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28
Q

What does Home Office Data (2020) show about stop and search rates for black people?

A

They are 9 times more likely to be stopped and searched

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29
Q

What would Right Realists say longer prison sentences do?

A

Reduce crime

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30
Q

Which Right Realist believed in a retributive approach to crime?

A

Murray

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31
Q

What is a retributive approach to crime?

A

When the person is punished properly for the amount of damage they caused to society

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32
Q

How does Murray argue long prison sentences reduce crime for the offender?

A

They are less likely to re-offend

33
Q

How does Murray argue long prison sentences reduce crime in relation to the person being locked away?

A

They can no longer harm society

34
Q

Which Interactionist would argue prison is a form of disintegrative shaming?

A

Braithwaite

35
Q

According to Braithwaite, if someone experiences disintegrative shaming by going to prison, what will happen when they get out?

A

They will be more likely to continue committing crimes

36
Q

What is reintegrative shaming?

A

When someones behaviour is labelled as bad

37
Q

What will a person be more likely to do with reintegrative shaming?

A

Reflect on their behaviour and change it

38
Q

What is disintegrative shaming?

A

When someone is labelled as a bad person

39
Q

Why will a person be less likely to reflect on their actions if they experienced disintegrative shaming?

A

They believe they are fully a bad person and cannot change this

40
Q

What section of society would Right Realists argue getting rid of would reduce crime?

A

The welfare system

41
Q

What did Marsland describe the welfare state to be like?

A

A nanny state

42
Q

Why does Marsland call the welfare state a nanny state?

A

It is too easy to get benefits

43
Q

What does Marsland say people will do if they can easily get benefits in order to get more money?

A

Commit crimes

44
Q

According to Marsland, what will the underclass have to do if the welfare state is taken away?

A

They will have to find work

45
Q

Which Marxist wrote a book called Chavs?

A

Owen Jones

46
Q

What did Owen Jones say about the reality of working class people committing crime?

A

Very few of them committed crimes

47
Q

What form of benefits did Owen Jones say many WC people depended on to survive?

A

Work-in benefits

48
Q

Why would getting rid of benefits therefore reduce crime according to Owen Jones?

A

People would have to commit crimes to survive

49
Q

Which Marxist would say dismantling the welfare state would not reduce middle class crimes?

A

Snider

50
Q

Which 2 types of crimes did Snider argue did more harm to society than street crimes?

A

White collar crimes, corporate crimes

51
Q

Name a corporate crime and the year it took place that killed many people

A

2017 Grenfell Tower Incident

52
Q

Why was the Grenfell tower incident a corporate crime?

A

The company used lower quality cladding because it was cheaper

53
Q

Which Left Realists say crime can be reduced by improving policing?

A

Lea and Young

54
Q

How do Lea and Young argue policing can be improved?

A

Hiring more Police Community Support Officers

55
Q

What do Police Community Support officers do in neighbourhoods?

A

They get to know which crimes are committed the most

56
Q

What percentage of crimes PCSO’s receive information on from neighbours are solved?

A

90%

57
Q

Where do Lea and Young say needs reforms in order to reduce crime?

A

The education system

58
Q

Name an act and the year it was passed to help reduce crime amongst younger people

A

1999 Education Maintenance Allowance Act

59
Q

What did the 1999 EMA do?

A

Gave 16-19 year olds £30 a week if they attended all of their lessons

60
Q

How would the 1999 EMA have reduced crime in the long-term?

A

Young people would have got better qualifications and not need to commit crimes to survive

61
Q

Which Marxist says hegemonic values of capitalism are the cause of crime?

A

Chambliss

62
Q

Name a hegemonic value of capitalism according to Chambliss in terms of consuming continuously

A

Greed

63
Q

Why will Greed result in more crime according to Chambliss?

A

People may steal to get what they want

64
Q

How could the hegemonic capitalism value of greed apply to the 1999 EMA?

A

Young people may instead use the EMA funds to buy things not helpful to their education

65
Q

What do Postmodernists argue would reduce crime?

A

Restorative justice

66
Q

How did Henry and Milovanovic define crime?

A

It was an action of taking someones power away from them

67
Q

What do restorative justice meetings redress?

A

Redress the balance of harm

68
Q

Who comes together in restorative justice meetings?

A

The victim and the offender

69
Q

What will the offender talk about with the victim?

A

Why they committed the crime

70
Q

What will the victim talk about with the offender?

A

How the crime made them feel

71
Q

How might restorative justice meetings reduce crime?

A

Offenders feel guilty for what they have done and will not do it again

72
Q

Which university did a report showing restorative justice meetings help to reduce crime?

A

University of Sheffield

73
Q

According to University of Sheffield Data, by what percentage did restorative justice meetings reduce reconviction rate?

A

Reduced it by 25%

74
Q

How many restorative justice meetings did the University of Sheffield look at?

A

400

75
Q

What type of crime would Feminists argue cannot be solved through restorative justice meetings?

A

Domestic Violence

76
Q

What did Dobash and Dobash say about why it was difficult for a wife to leave their husband?

A

They could be financially dependent on their husband

77
Q

If the wife and the husband met in a restorative justice meeting, what might the husband do?

A

Offer the wife financial stability

78
Q

What may happen if the wife accepts the financial stability after the restorative justice meeting?

A

The domestic abuse could re-start

Sociology - Crime and Deviance (186 decks)

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