Crime Policies Flashcards
Name a situational crime prevention technique Right Realists argue reduce crime
Target hardening
What does target hardening involve?
Making it harder to commit a crime
How might a building do target hardening?
Install lights in dimly lit areas
Name a feature of a car which is target hardening
Being able to lock the car
Which Right Realist would say target hardening increases the costs of committing crimes?
Clarke
What theory did Clarke create?
Rational Choice Theory
Why does Clarke say committing crimes is a rational choice in modern society?
The rewards are higher than the costs
Which 2 Postmodernists would say target hardening only increases crime?
Katz, Lyng
What did Lyng say crime acted as for people?
Edgework
What is edgework?
When people are between the thrill of getting away with a crime and the danger of getting caught
What did Lyng say happens with crimes if things like CCTV are implemented in areas?
Crime will increase
Why does Lyng say crime will increase if CCTV and other crime prevention techniques are made?
It makes it more challenging to get away with a crime
What does Katz say about why people commit crimes?
They have a seductive nature to them
What does Katz say people get out of committing crimes?
They experience pleasure
What form of policing would Right Realists say reduces crime?
Zero-tolerance policing
What is zero-tolerance policing?
Having the police arrest someone no matter the crime
Name an action which would result in an arrest in zero-tolerance policing?
Littering
Which Right Realists created the concept of the broken windows theory?
Wilson and Kelling
What does broken windows theory say?
If one person commits a crime and it is not followed up, many other people will commit the crime as well
What small crime did the New York police start acting on in subway stations?
People not paying for tickets
How did the zero-tolerance policing in New York subways prevent other crimes?
The people who were arrested for not paying for tickets also had guns and knives on them
Which 2 Interactionists would say zero-tolerance policing is likely to be applied more to ethnic minorities?
Reiner, Cicourel
What concept did Reiner create?
Canteen culture
What does canteen culture say?
The racist norms and values created on police officers lunch breaks will be reflected in their work
If canteen culture values are reflected in police officers’ work, who will be stopped and searched more often?
Ethnic minorities
What did Cicourel find police had?
A stereotypical view of the ‘typical delinquent’
Give the full CAGE description for the typical delinquent and where they would live
Working class young male from an ethnic minority living in an inner city area
What does Home Office Data (2020) show about stop and search rates for black people?
They are 9 times more likely to be stopped and searched
What would Right Realists say longer prison sentences do?
Reduce crime
Which Right Realist believed in a retributive approach to crime?
Murray
What is a retributive approach to crime?
When the person is punished properly for the amount of damage they caused to society
How does Murray argue long prison sentences reduce crime for the offender?
They are less likely to re-offend
How does Murray argue long prison sentences reduce crime in relation to the person being locked away?
They can no longer harm society
Which Interactionist would argue prison is a form of disintegrative shaming?
Braithwaite
According to Braithwaite, if someone experiences disintegrative shaming by going to prison, what will happen when they get out?
They will be more likely to continue committing crimes
What is reintegrative shaming?
When someones behaviour is labelled as bad
What will a person be more likely to do with reintegrative shaming?
Reflect on their behaviour and change it
What is disintegrative shaming?
When someone is labelled as a bad person
Why will a person be less likely to reflect on their actions if they experienced disintegrative shaming?
They believe they are fully a bad person and cannot change this
What section of society would Right Realists argue getting rid of would reduce crime?
The welfare system
What did Marsland describe the welfare state to be like?
A nanny state
Why does Marsland call the welfare state a nanny state?
It is too easy to get benefits
What does Marsland say people will do if they can easily get benefits in order to get more money?
Commit crimes
According to Marsland, what will the underclass have to do if the welfare state is taken away?
They will have to find work
Which Marxist wrote a book called Chavs?
Owen Jones
What did Owen Jones say about the reality of working class people committing crime?
Very few of them committed crimes
What form of benefits did Owen Jones say many WC people depended on to survive?
Work-in benefits
Why would getting rid of benefits therefore reduce crime according to Owen Jones?
People would have to commit crimes to survive
Which Marxist would say dismantling the welfare state would not reduce middle class crimes?
Snider
Which 2 types of crimes did Snider argue did more harm to society than street crimes?
White collar crimes, corporate crimes
Name a corporate crime and the year it took place that killed many people
2017 Grenfell Tower Incident
Why was the Grenfell tower incident a corporate crime?
The company used lower quality cladding because it was cheaper
Which Left Realists say crime can be reduced by improving policing?
Lea and Young
How do Lea and Young argue policing can be improved?
Hiring more Police Community Support Officers
What do Police Community Support officers do in neighbourhoods?
They get to know which crimes are committed the most
What percentage of crimes PCSO’s receive information on from neighbours are solved?
90%
Where do Lea and Young say needs reforms in order to reduce crime?
The education system
Name an act and the year it was passed to help reduce crime amongst younger people
1999 Education Maintenance Allowance Act
What did the 1999 EMA do?
Gave 16-19 year olds £30 a week if they attended all of their lessons
How would the 1999 EMA have reduced crime in the long-term?
Young people would have got better qualifications and not need to commit crimes to survive
Which Marxist says hegemonic values of capitalism are the cause of crime?
Chambliss
Name a hegemonic value of capitalism according to Chambliss in terms of consuming continuously
Greed
Why will Greed result in more crime according to Chambliss?
People may steal to get what they want
How could the hegemonic capitalism value of greed apply to the 1999 EMA?
Young people may instead use the EMA funds to buy things not helpful to their education
What do Postmodernists argue would reduce crime?
Restorative justice
How did Henry and Milovanovic define crime?
It was an action of taking someones power away from them
What do restorative justice meetings redress?
Redress the balance of harm
Who comes together in restorative justice meetings?
The victim and the offender
What will the offender talk about with the victim?
Why they committed the crime
What will the victim talk about with the offender?
How the crime made them feel
How might restorative justice meetings reduce crime?
Offenders feel guilty for what they have done and will not do it again
Which university did a report showing restorative justice meetings help to reduce crime?
University of Sheffield
According to University of Sheffield Data, by what percentage did restorative justice meetings reduce reconviction rate?
Reduced it by 25%
How many restorative justice meetings did the University of Sheffield look at?
400
What type of crime would Feminists argue cannot be solved through restorative justice meetings?
Domestic Violence
What did Dobash and Dobash say about why it was difficult for a wife to leave their husband?
They could be financially dependent on their husband
If the wife and the husband met in a restorative justice meeting, what might the husband do?
Offer the wife financial stability
What may happen if the wife accepts the financial stability after the restorative justice meeting?
The domestic abuse could re-start
