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Zoology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Two major functions of the respiratory system:

A
  1. Supplying oxygen to the blood
  2. Removing carbon dioxide from the blood
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2
Q

Secondary functions of the respiratory system:

A
  1. assistance in the regulation of the acidity of the extracellular fluids of the body
  2. assistance in temperature control
  3. elimination of water
  4. phonation (voice production)
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3
Q

Air moves in and out of lungs

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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4
Q

Gas exchange between blood and air at alveoli

A

External respiration

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5
Q
  • Between the lungs and the cells of the body
  • Performed by the cardiovascular system
  • Blood is the transporting fluid
A

Transport of respiratory gases

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6
Q

Gas exchange in capillaries between blood and tissue cells

A

Internal respiration

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7
Q

Cellular Respiration:

A
  • Oxygen (O2) is used by the cells
  • O2 is needed in the conversion of glucose to cellular energy (ATP)
  • All body cells
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced as a waste product
  • The body’s cells die if either the respiratory or cardiovascular system fails
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8
Q

Respiratory passages that carry air to the site of gas exchange

A

Conducting zone

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9
Q

Site of gas exchange

A

Respiratory zone

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10
Q

Nose

A
  • Provides airway
  • Moistens and warms air
  • Filters air
  • Resonating chamber for speech
  • Olfactory receptors
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11
Q

Lined with skin containing sebaceous and sweat glands and nose hairs

A

Vestibule

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12
Q
  • Inferior to each is a meatus*
  • Increases turbulence of air
  • 3 scroll-like structures
  • Reclaims moisture on the way out
A

Nasal Conchae

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13
Q

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

A

Paranasal sinuses

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14
Q

3 parts of the pharynx (throat):

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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15
Q

serve as common passageway for food and air

A

(pharynx) Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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16
Q

Three functions of larynx (voicebox):

A
  • Produces vocalizations (speech)
  • Provides an open airway (breathing)
  • Switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels
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17
Q

Behind thyroid cartilage and above cricoid: 3 pairs of small cartilages:

A
  1. Arytenoid: Anchor the vocal cords
  2. Corniculate
  3. Cuneiform
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18
Q

(the 9th cartilage)
Elastic cartilage covered by mucosa
On a stalk attached to the thyroid cartilage

A

Epiglottis

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19
Q

keeps all but air out of airways

A

Cough reflex

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20
Q

Paired vocal ligaments:

A

elastic fibers, the core of the true vocal cords

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21
Q

_________ of larynx is required for speech (although makes choking easier)

A

Low position

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22
Q

the space between the vocal cords

A

Glottis

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23
Q

it controls length and size of opening by moving arytenoid cartilages

A

Laryngeal muscles

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24
Q

either of a pair of cartilages at the back of the larynx, used in the production of different kinds of voice quality (for example, creaky voice).

A

arytenoid cartilages

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25
Q

produced by the vibration of vocal cords as air is exhaled

A

Sound

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26
Q
  • Descends: larynx through neck into the mediastinum
  • Divides in the thorax into two main (primary) bronchi
A

Trachea (the windpipe)

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27
Q

Trachealis muscle can _________ diameter of trachea

A

decrease

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28
Q

Wall of trachea has layers common to many tubular organs – filters, warms and moistens incoming air:

A
  • Mucous membrane (pseudostratified epithelium with cilia and lamina propria with a sheet of elastin)
  • Submucosa ( with seromucous glands)
  • Adventitia - connective tissue which contains the tracheal cartilages)
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29
Q

Ridge on the internal aspect of last tracheal cartilage

A

Carina

30
Q

Bronchial tree bifurcation:

A
  • Right main bronchus (more susceptible to aspiration)
  • Left main bronchus
31
Q

in Carina, it is highly sensitive to irritants: cough reflex

A

Mucosa

32
Q

Lobar bronchi branch into tertiary

A

segmental bronchi

33
Q

Structures that contain air-exchange chambers are called ________

A

alveoli

34
Q

walls consist of alveoli

A

alveolar ducts

35
Q

alveolar ducts lead into terminal clusters called __________

A

alveolar sacs

36
Q

air-blood barrier

A

respiratory membrane

37
Q

a detergent-like substance that is secreted in fluid coating alveolar surfaces – it decreases tension
* Combination of the lipids and proteins

A

Surfactants

38
Q

Microscopic detail of alveoli:

A
  • Alveoli surrounded by fine elastic fibers
  • Alveoli interconnect via alveolar pores
  • Alveolar macrophages – free floating “dust cells”
  • Note type I and type II cells and joint membrane
39
Q

flatten sac of serous membrane

A

Pleura

40
Q

two layers of Pleura:

A

Parietal pleura – outer layer
Visceral pleura – directly on the lung

41
Q

slit-like potential space filled with pleural fluid

A

Pleural cavity

42
Q

Each is cone-shaped with anterior, lateral and posterior surfaces contacting ribs

A

Lungs

43
Q
  • Indentation on mediastinal (medial) surface
  • Place where blood vessels, bronchi, lymph vessel, and nerves enter and exit the lung
A

Hilus or (hilum)

44
Q
  • Above structures attaching lung to mediastinum
  • Main ones: pulmonary artery and veins and main bronchus
A

“Root” of the lung

45
Q

Right lung: 3 lobes

Left lung: 2 lobes

A

Upper lobe
Middle lobe - horizontal fissure
Lower lobe - oblique fissure

Upper lobe
Lower lobe - oblique fissure

46
Q

Each lobe of the liver is made up of ____________________ separated by dense connective tissue

A

bronchopulmonary segments

47
Q

Each segment receives air from an individual ____________

A

segmental (tertiary) bronchus

48
Q

Approximately ___ bronchopulmonary segments in each lung

A

10

49
Q

Smallest subdivision seen with the naked eye is the _______

A

lobule

50
Q

bring oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation

A

Pulmonary arteries

51
Q

carry oxygenated blood from the alveoli of the lungs to the heart

A

Pulmonary veins

52
Q

framework of connective tissue holding the air tubes and spaces

A

Stroma

53
Q

Lungs get their own blood supply from ________ and _________

A

bronchial arteries and veins

54
Q

it is responsible for gas exchange (pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins)

A

pulmonary circulation

55
Q

provides nourishment to the lung tissue (bronchial veins, bronchial arteries)

A

bronchial circulation

56
Q

a network of autonomic nerves that innervates the lungs

A

pulmonary plexus

57
Q

____________ means both bronchial tubes and lung alveoli together

A

means both bronchial tubes and lung alveoli together

58
Q

The conducting zone which doesn’t participate in gas exchange

A

Anatomical dead space

59
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing

60
Q

Two phases of pulmonary ventilation:

A

Inspiration (inhalation) – air in
Expiration (exhalation) – air out

61
Q

Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)

A

Spontaneous pneumothorax – happens with obvious cause
Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax – lung disease (COP disease)
Traumatic pneumothorax – injuries, nabali ang ribs matusok sa lungs

62
Q

Responsible for basic rate and rhythm

Network of neuron extending from the spinal cord to the thalamus – located in medulla

A

Reticular formation

63
Q

Central Chemoreceptors

A

In the medulla

64
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

A

Aortic bodies
On aorta
Send sensory info to medulla through X (vagus n)
Carotid bodies
At the fork of the common carotid artery
Send info mainly through IX (glossopharyngeal n)

65
Q

(examples) diseases of the respiratory system:

A
  • asthma
    *cystic fibrosis
    *COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – with chronic bronchitis and/or *emphysema)
  • epiglottitis
66
Q

Volume of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath during normal breathing (0.5 L).

A

Tidal volume (TV)

67
Q

Maximal volume of air inhaled at the end of a normal inspiration (3 L)

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

68
Q

Maximal volume of air exhaled at the end of a tidal volume (1.2 L).

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

69
Q

Maximal volume of air inhaled after a normal expiration (3.6 L)

A

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

70
Q

The volume of gas that remains in the lung at the end of a passive expiration. (2-2.5 L or 40 % of the maximal lung volume) (ERV+RV).

A

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

71
Q

The volume of gas remains in the lung after maximal expiration

A

Residual Volume (RV)

Zoology (28 decks)

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