Respiratory System Flashcards
Two major functions of the respiratory system:
- Supplying oxygen to the blood
- Removing carbon dioxide from the blood
Secondary functions of the respiratory system:
- assistance in the regulation of the acidity of the extracellular fluids of the body
- assistance in temperature control
- elimination of water
- phonation (voice production)
Air moves in and out of lungs
Pulmonary ventilation
Gas exchange between blood and air at alveoli
External respiration
- Between the lungs and the cells of the body
- Performed by the cardiovascular system
- Blood is the transporting fluid
Transport of respiratory gases
Gas exchange in capillaries between blood and tissue cells
Internal respiration
Cellular Respiration:
- Oxygen (O2) is used by the cells
- O2 is needed in the conversion of glucose to cellular energy (ATP)
- All body cells
- Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced as a waste product
- The body’s cells die if either the respiratory or cardiovascular system fails
Respiratory passages that carry air to the site of gas exchange
Conducting zone
Site of gas exchange
Respiratory zone
Nose
- Provides airway
- Moistens and warms air
- Filters air
- Resonating chamber for speech
- Olfactory receptors
Lined with skin containing sebaceous and sweat glands and nose hairs
Vestibule
- Inferior to each is a meatus*
- Increases turbulence of air
- 3 scroll-like structures
- Reclaims moisture on the way out
Nasal Conchae
Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones
Paranasal sinuses
3 parts of the pharynx (throat):
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
serve as common passageway for food and air
(pharynx) Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Three functions of larynx (voicebox):
- Produces vocalizations (speech)
- Provides an open airway (breathing)
- Switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels
Behind thyroid cartilage and above cricoid: 3 pairs of small cartilages:
- Arytenoid: Anchor the vocal cords
- Corniculate
- Cuneiform
(the 9th cartilage)
Elastic cartilage covered by mucosa
On a stalk attached to the thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis
keeps all but air out of airways
Cough reflex
Paired vocal ligaments:
elastic fibers, the core of the true vocal cords
_________ of larynx is required for speech (although makes choking easier)
Low position
the space between the vocal cords
Glottis
it controls length and size of opening by moving arytenoid cartilages
Laryngeal muscles
either of a pair of cartilages at the back of the larynx, used in the production of different kinds of voice quality (for example, creaky voice).
arytenoid cartilages
produced by the vibration of vocal cords as air is exhaled
Sound
- Descends: larynx through neck into the mediastinum
- Divides in the thorax into two main (primary) bronchi
Trachea (the windpipe)
Trachealis muscle can _________ diameter of trachea
decrease
Wall of trachea has layers common to many tubular organs – filters, warms and moistens incoming air:
- Mucous membrane (pseudostratified epithelium with cilia and lamina propria with a sheet of elastin)
- Submucosa ( with seromucous glands)
- Adventitia - connective tissue which contains the tracheal cartilages)
Ridge on the internal aspect of last tracheal cartilage
Carina
Bronchial tree bifurcation:
- Right main bronchus (more susceptible to aspiration)
- Left main bronchus
in Carina, it is highly sensitive to irritants: cough reflex
Mucosa
Lobar bronchi branch into tertiary
segmental bronchi
Structures that contain air-exchange chambers are called ________
alveoli
walls consist of alveoli
alveolar ducts
alveolar ducts lead into terminal clusters called __________
alveolar sacs
air-blood barrier
respiratory membrane
a detergent-like substance that is secreted in fluid coating alveolar surfaces – it decreases tension
* Combination of the lipids and proteins
Surfactants
Microscopic detail of alveoli:
- Alveoli surrounded by fine elastic fibers
- Alveoli interconnect via alveolar pores
- Alveolar macrophages – free floating “dust cells”
- Note type I and type II cells and joint membrane
flatten sac of serous membrane
Pleura
two layers of Pleura:
Parietal pleura – outer layer
Visceral pleura – directly on the lung
slit-like potential space filled with pleural fluid
Pleural cavity
Each is cone-shaped with anterior, lateral and posterior surfaces contacting ribs
Lungs
- Indentation on mediastinal (medial) surface
- Place where blood vessels, bronchi, lymph vessel, and nerves enter and exit the lung
Hilus or (hilum)
- Above structures attaching lung to mediastinum
- Main ones: pulmonary artery and veins and main bronchus
“Root” of the lung
Right lung: 3 lobes
Left lung: 2 lobes
Upper lobe
Middle lobe - horizontal fissure
Lower lobe - oblique fissure
Upper lobe
Lower lobe - oblique fissure
Each lobe of the liver is made up of ____________________ separated by dense connective tissue
bronchopulmonary segments
Each segment receives air from an individual ____________
segmental (tertiary) bronchus
Approximately ___ bronchopulmonary segments in each lung
10
Smallest subdivision seen with the naked eye is the _______
lobule
bring oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation
Pulmonary arteries
carry oxygenated blood from the alveoli of the lungs to the heart
Pulmonary veins
framework of connective tissue holding the air tubes and spaces
Stroma
Lungs get their own blood supply from ________ and _________
bronchial arteries and veins
it is responsible for gas exchange (pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins)
pulmonary circulation
provides nourishment to the lung tissue (bronchial veins, bronchial arteries)
bronchial circulation
a network of autonomic nerves that innervates the lungs
pulmonary plexus
____________ means both bronchial tubes and lung alveoli together
means both bronchial tubes and lung alveoli together
The conducting zone which doesn’t participate in gas exchange
Anatomical dead space
pulmonary ventilation
Breathing
Two phases of pulmonary ventilation:
Inspiration (inhalation) – air in
Expiration (exhalation) – air out
Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
Spontaneous pneumothorax – happens with obvious cause
Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax – lung disease (COP disease)
Traumatic pneumothorax – injuries, nabali ang ribs matusok sa lungs
Responsible for basic rate and rhythm
Network of neuron extending from the spinal cord to the thalamus – located in medulla
Reticular formation
Central Chemoreceptors
In the medulla
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
Aortic bodies
On aorta
Send sensory info to medulla through X (vagus n)
Carotid bodies
At the fork of the common carotid artery
Send info mainly through IX (glossopharyngeal n)
(examples) diseases of the respiratory system:
- asthma
*cystic fibrosis
*COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – with chronic bronchitis and/or *emphysema) - epiglottitis
Volume of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath during normal breathing (0.5 L).
Tidal volume (TV)
Maximal volume of air inhaled at the end of a normal inspiration (3 L)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Maximal volume of air exhaled at the end of a tidal volume (1.2 L).
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Maximal volume of air inhaled after a normal expiration (3.6 L)
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
The volume of gas that remains in the lung at the end of a passive expiration. (2-2.5 L or 40 % of the maximal lung volume) (ERV+RV).
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
The volume of gas remains in the lung after maximal expiration
Residual Volume (RV)
