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Zoology > (continuation) Digestive System > Flashcards

(continuation) Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Cells of Gastric Glands:

A
  1. Regenerative cells
  2. Parietal cells
  3. Chief cells
  4. Enteroendocrine cells
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2
Q

divide rapidly to produce new cells that migrate to surface

A

Regenerative cells

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3
Q

secrete HCl acid and intrinsic factor

A

Parietal cells

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4
Q

secrete pepsinogen

A

Chief cells

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5
Q

secrete hormones and paracrine messengers

A

Enteroendocrine cells

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6
Q

Gastric Secretions:

A
  • 2 to 3 L of gastric juice/day (H2O, HCl and pepsin)
  • Parietal cells contain carbonic anhydrase (CAH)
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7
Q

Functions of Hydrochloric Acid:

A
  • Activates pepsin and lingual lipase
  • Breaks up connective tissues and plant cell walls
  • Converts ingested ferric ions (Fe3+) to ferrous ions (Fe2+)
  • Destroys ingested bacteria and pathogens
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8
Q

essential for B12 absorption by the small intestine. RBC production (lack causes pernicious anemia)

A

Intrinsic factor

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9
Q

secreted as pepsinogen (inactive). HCl converts it to pepsin (active)

A

Pepsin

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10
Q

lipase digests the butterfat of milk in infants. chymosin curdles milk by coagulating proteins

A

Gastric lipase and chymosin

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11
Q

hormones enter blood

A

distant cells

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12
Q

paracrine secretions

A

neighboring cells

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13
Q

signaling molecules produced in digestive tract and CNS

A

Gut-brain peptides

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14
Q

Swallowing center signals stomach to relax

A

Gastric Motility

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15
Q

when abdominal contraction forces upper esophageal sphincter to open

A

vomiting

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16
Q

lower esophageal sphincter to relax

A

retching

17
Q

sight, smell, taste or thought of food; vagus nerve stimulates gastric secretion and motility

A

Cephalic phase

18
Q

activated by presence of food or semi-digested protein

A

Gastric phase

19
Q

duodenum regulates gastric activity through hormones and nervous reflexes

A

Intestinal phase

20
Q

duodenum inhibits stomach

A

enterogastric reflex

21
Q

Gross Anatomy of Liver:

A
  • 3 lb. organ located inferior to the diaphragm
  • 4 lobes - right, left, quadrate and caudate
22
Q

Tiny cylinders found in the liver

A

hepatic lobules

23
Q

________ and ________ bring blood to liver

A

hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery

24
Q

Pancreatic Acinar Cells:

A
  • Zymogens = proteases
  • trypsinogen
  • chymotrypsinogen
  • procarboxypeptidase
  • Other enzymes
  • amylase
  • lipase
  • ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease
25
Q
  • involve only mucosa and submucosa
  • chyme flows in a spiral path causing more contact
A

Circular folds (plicae circularis) up to 10 mm tall

26
Q

______ are fingerlike projections 1 mm tall

A

Villi

27
Q

Gradual movement of contents towards colon

A

Peristalsis

28
Q

Water is absorbed by ________ following the absorption of salts and organic nutrients

A

osmosis

29
Q

Gross Anatomy of Large Intestine:

A

5 feet long and 2.5 inches in diameter in cadaver
Begins as cecum and appendix in lower right corner
Ascending, transverse and descending colon frame the small intestine
Sigmoid colon is S-shaped portion leading down into pelvis
Rectum - straight portion ending at anal canal

30
Q

straight portion ending at anal canal

A

Rectum

31
Q

muscle tone in longitudinal muscle fibers (concentrated in taeniae coli) form pouches (haustra)

A

Muscularis externa

32
Q

Bacterial flora populate large intestine

A
  • ferment cellulose and other undigested carbohydrates; we absorb resulting sugars
  • synthesize vitamins B and K
33
Q
  • average person produces 500 mL per day
  • most is swallowed air but hydrogen sulfide, indole, and skatole produce odor
A

Flatus (gas)

34
Q

Absorption and Motility

A

Transit time is 12 to 24 hours

35
Q

Anatomy of Anal Canal:

A
  • 3 cm total length
  • Anal columns are longitudinal ridges separated by mucus-secreting anal sinuses
  • Hemorrhoids are permanently distended veins
36
Q

Stretching of the rectum stimulates __________

A

defecation

37
Q

Neural Control of Defecation:

A
  1. Filling of the rectum
  2. Reflex contraction of rectum and relaxation of internal anal sphincter
  3. Voluntary relaxation of external sphincter

Zoology (28 decks)

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