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Zoology > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of the skin and accessory organs;
hair, nails, and cutaneous glands.

A

Integumentary System

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2
Q

scientific study and medical treatment of the integumentary system

A

Dermatology

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3
Q

body’s largest and heaviest organ
– Covers 1.5 to 2.0 m^2; composes 15% of body weight

A

Skin

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4
Q

Layer of the skin; it is a stratified squamous epithelium

A

Epidermis

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5
Q

Layer of the skin; connective tissue layer beneath epidermis

A

Dermis

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6
Q

Layer of the skin; connective tissue layer below dermis (not part of skin, but associated with it)

A

Hypodermis

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7
Q
  • covers front of hands, bottoms of feet
  • Has sweat glands, but no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands
  • Epidermis 0.5 mm thick
A

Thick skin

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8
Q
  • covers rest of the body
  • Possesses hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
  • Epidermis about 0.1 mm thick
A

Thin skin

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9
Q

Functions of the skin:

A
  • Resistance to trauma and
    infection
  • Other barrier functions
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • Sensation - Receptors for temperature, touch, pain, and more
  • Thermoregulation
  • Nonverbal communication
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10
Q

Five epidermal cell types:

A
  1. Stem cells
  2. Keratinocytes
  3. Melanocytes
  4. Tactile cells
  5. Dendritic cells
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11
Q

Undifferentiated cells that give rise to keratinocytes
* In the deepest layer of the epidermis (stratum basale)

A

Stem cells

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12
Q

The great majority of epidermal cells, it synthesizes keratin.

A

Keratinocytes

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13
Q

Synthesize pigment melanin that shields DNA from ultraviolet radiation.

A

Melanocytes

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14
Q

Touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers. In the basal layer of the epidermis.

A

Tactile cells

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15
Q

Macrophages originating in bone marrow that guard against pathogens. Found in stratum spinosum and granulosum.

A

Dendritic cells

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16
Q

thick skin contains five strata:

A
  1. Stratum basale (deepest epidermal layer)
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum (surface layer)
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17
Q

A single layer of stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane

A

Stratum basale (deepest epidermal layer)

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18
Q

Several layers of keratinocytes are joined together by desmosomes and tight junctions.

A

Stratum spinosum

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19
Q

Three to five layers of flat keratinocytes.

A

Stratum granulosum

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20
Q

Thin, pale layer found only in thick skin.

A

Stratum lucidum

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21
Q

– Several layers (up to 30) of dead, scaly, keratinized cells.

A

Stratum corneum (surface layer)

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22
Q

Keratinocytes are produced by mitosis of (1)___________ in (2)_____________ or mitosis of keratinocytes in the deepest part of (3)_____________.

A
  1. stem cells
  2. stratum basale
  3. stratum spinosum
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23
Q

Four important events occur in stratum granulosum:

A
  • Keratohyalin granules release filaggrin
  • Cells produce tough envelope proteins beneath their membranes
  • Membrane-coating vesicles release lipid mixture that spreads out over cell surface and waterproofs it
  • Keratinocytes’ organelles degenerate and the cells die
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24
Q

____________ are upward, finger-like extensions of the dermis

A

Dermal papillae

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25
Q

_____________ are downward waves of the epidermis.

A

Epidermal ridges

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26
Q

markings on the fingertips that leave oily fingerprints on surfaces we touch

A

Friction ridges

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27
Q

A superficial zone of dermis

A

Papillary layer

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28
Q

A deeper and thicker layer of dermis

A

Reticular layer

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29
Q

tears in the collagen fibers caused by stretching of the skin due to pregnancy or obesity

A

Stretch marks (striae)

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30
Q

most significant factor in skin color. melanocytes produce it, accumulates in keratinocytes

A

Melanin

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31
Q

brownish black skin color

A

Eumelanin

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32
Q

reddish yellow (sulfur-containing) skin color

A

Pheomelanin

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33
Q

pigment in red blood cells. Adds reddish to pinkish hue to the skin

A

Hemoglobin

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34
Q

yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks
yellow/orange vegetables

A

Carotene

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35
Q

Skin Color: blueness due to oxygen deficiency

A

Cyanosis

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36
Q

Skin Color: redness due to increased blood flow to the skin

A

Erythema

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37
Q

Skin Color: paleness due to decreased blood flow to skin

A

Pallor

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38
Q

Skin Color: milky white skin and blue-gray eyes due to genetic lack of melanin synthesizing enzyme

A

Albinism

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39
Q

Skin Color: yellowing due to bilirubin in the blood (can be caused by compromised liver function)

A

Jaundice

40
Q

Skin Color: bruising (clotted blood under the skin)

A

Hematoma

41
Q

lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits, palms, wrists, elbows

A

Flexion lines (flexion creases)

42
Q

tan to black aggregations of melanocytes

A

Freckles and moles

43
Q

patches of discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal capillaries

A

Hemangiomas (birthmarks)

44
Q

composed of mostly dead, keratinized cells

A

Hair and nails

45
Q

another name for a hair

A

Pilus; pili—plural of pilus

46
Q

a slender filament of keratinized cells
growing from a tube in the skin called a hair follicle

A

Hair

47
Q

Three types of hair:

A
  1. Lanugo
  2. Vellus
  3. Terminal
48
Q

type of hair: line, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development

A

Lanugo

49
Q

type of hair: fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by the time of birth

A

Vellus

50
Q

type of hair: longer, coarser, and more heavily pigmented

A

Terminal

51
Q

Hair is divisible into three zones along its length:

A
  1. Bulb
  2. Root
  3. Shaft
52
Q

bud of the vascular connective tissue encased by the bulb. The only source of nutrition for hair

A

Dermal papilla

53
Q

region of mitotically active cells immediately above papilla. Hair’s growth center

A

Hair matrix

54
Q

Three layers of the hair in cross-section:

A
  1. Medulla
  2. Cortex
  3. Cuticle
55
Q

Core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces

A

Medulla

56
Q

Constitutes bulk of the hair. it consists of several layers of elongated keratinized cells

A

Cortex

57
Q

Composed of multiple layers of very thin, scaly cells that overlap each other

A

Cuticle

58
Q

diagonal tube that extends into the dermis and possibly the hypodermis

A

Follicle

59
Q

Extension of the epidermis lying adjacent to hair root

A

Epithelial root sheath

60
Q

source of stem cells for follicle growth

A

Bulge

61
Q

Derived from dermis but a bit denser

A

Connective tissue root sheath

62
Q

sensory nerve fibers entwining follicles

A

Hair receptors

63
Q

smooth muscle attaching the follicle to the dermis. Contracts to make hair stand on end (goose bumps)

A

Piloerector muscle (arrector pili)

64
Q

Three stages of the hair cycle:

A
  1. Anagen: growth stage
  2. Catagen: degeneration stage
  3. Telogen: resting stage
65
Q

Hair growth:

A

scalp hairs grow 1 mm per 3 days

66
Q

thinning of the hair or baldness

A

Alopecia

67
Q

hair lost from select regions

A

Pattern baldness

68
Q

excessive or undesirable hairiness in areas that are not usually hairy

A

Hirsutism

69
Q

Functions of hair:

A
  • hair is vestigial - kept ancestors warm
  • hair receptors help to sense something dangerous (parasites, insects)
  • scalp retains heat and protects against sunburn
70
Q

clear, hard derivatives of stratum corneum. Composed of thin, dead cells packed with hard keratin

A

Fingernails and toenails

71
Q

Functions of nails:

A
  • improve grooming
  • picking apart food, other manipulations
72
Q

hard part of the nail

A

Nail plate

73
Q

surrounding skin rising above nail

A

Nail fold

74
Q

separates nail fold from nail plate

A

Nail groove

75
Q

skin underlying the nail plate

A

Nail bed

76
Q

epidermis of the nail bed

A

Hyponychium

77
Q

growth zone (mitotic) of thickened stratum basale at proximal end of nail

A

Nail matrix

78
Q

opaque white crescent at proximal end of nail due to thickness of matrix

A

Lunule

79
Q

a narrow zone of dead skin
overhanging proximal end of nail

A

Eponychium (cuticle)

80
Q

The skin has five types of glands:

A
  1. merocrine sweat glands
  2. apocrine sweat glands
  3. sebaceous glands
  4. ceruminous glands
  5. mammary glands
81
Q

Two kinds of sweat (sudoriferous) glands:

A
  1. Apocrine sweat glands
  2. Merocrine sweat glands
82
Q
  • Ducts lead to nearby hair follicles
  • Produce sweat that is milky and contains fatty acids
  • Respond to stress and sexual stimulation
A

Apocrine sweat glands

83
Q

Most numerous skin glands—3 to 4 million in adult skin

A

Merocrine sweat glands

84
Q

disagreeable body odor produced by bacterial action on sweat from apocrine glands

A

Bromhidrosis

85
Q

contract in response to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system and squeeze perspiration up the duct

A

Myoepithelial cells

86
Q

begins as a protein-free filtrate of blood plasma produced by a deep secretory portion of the gland

A

Sweat

87
Q

sweating with wetness of the skin

A

Diaphoresis

88
Q

Does not produce visible wetness of skin

A

Insensible perspiration

89
Q

flask-shaped and have short ducts opening into hair follicles Holocrine secretion style

A

Sebaceous Glands

90
Q

oily secretion of sebaceous glands

A

Sebum

91
Q

simple, coiled, tubular
glands in external ear canal

A

Ceruminous Glands

92
Q

Their secretion combines with sebum and dead epithelial cells to form _________

A

earwax (cerumen)

93
Q

milk-producing glands that develop only during pregnancy and lactation

A

Mammary Glands

94
Q

Two rows of mammary glands in most mammals

A

Mammary ridges or milk lines

95
Q

Oil glands associated with hair follicles

A

Sebaceous Glands

Zoology (28 decks)

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