1. Cells make up all life. 2. Cells are functional and structural units. 3. Cells are formed by division. 4. Cells contain hereditary information. 5. Cells are chemically the same Energy flow occurs within cells

- C. Naegeli and C. Cramer (1855) - Present both in plant and animal cell functions: 1. Covers and protect the cell 2. Facilitate substance transport 3. Maintain the shape of the cell

- Johann Evangelist Purkinje (1839) - Present both in plant and animal cell functions: 1. Contains the endomembrane system that regulates protein traffic & performs metabolic functions

- Camillo Golgi (1898) - Shipping & Receiving Center Function: 1. Modifies & packages proteins parts of golgi apparatus: 1. Cis Face 2. Trans Face

- Carl Benda (1898) - Powerhouse of a cell - Semi-autonomous Function: 1. For cellular respiration that produces ATP

- George Palade (mid 1950s) - Protein Factory Function: 1. Synthesizes proteins types: 1. Free Ribosomes 2. Bound Ribosomes

Cells Flashcards by Art John Calamba

the basic unit of structure & function because it demonstrates all qualities of life processes

Cells

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They invented lens (Lt. lentils)

Zaccharias & Hans Janssen (1590)

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Father of Microscopy

Anton van Leeuwenhooke (1632)

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He discovered cells (Micrographia)

Robert Hooke (1665)

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a German botanist and co-founder of the cell theory
- “All plants are made of cells.”

Matthias Jakob Schleiden(1839)

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a German zoologist and co-founder of the cell theory
- “All animals are made of cells.”

Theodor Schwann (1839)

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a German physician and co-founder of the cell theory
- proposed biogenesis stated that all living cells arise from pre-existing living cells, that there is no spontaneous creation of cells from nonliving matter.

Rudolf Virchow(1858)

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Modern Cell Theory:

Cells make up all life.
Cells are functional and structural units.
Cells are formed by division.
Cells contain hereditary information.
Cells are chemically the same
Energy flow occurs within cells

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cell wall

Robert Hooke (1665)
present in plant cells only

functions:
1. protects the plant cells
2. maintain its shape
3. prevents excessive uptake of water

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cell membrane

C. Naegeli and C. Cramer (1855)
Present both in plant and animal cell

functions:
1. Covers and protect the cell
2. Facilitate substance transport
3. Maintain the shape of the cell

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Protoplasm

Johann Evangelist Purkinje (1839)
Present both in plant and animal cell

functions:
1. Contains the endomembrane system that regulates protein traffic & performs metabolic functions

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Nucleus

Robert Brown 1833
information and control center of the cell

Functions:
1. Houses the genetic information
Parts:
1. Nuclear Envelope -2 layers with pore complexes
2. Chromosomes – discrete unit of DNA
3. Nucleolus – synthesize rRNA

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part of nucleus: 2 layers with pore complexes

nuclear envelope

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part of nucleus: discrete unit of DNA

chromosomes

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part of nucleus: synthesize rRNA

Nucleolus

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

Biosynthetic Highway
Albert Claude (1945)

functions:
1. Transports protein to other parts of the cell

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type of endoplasmic reticulum that synthesize lipids, store Ca+ & detoxify poison

Smooth ER

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type of endoplasmic reticulum that makes secretory protein, membrane factory & synthesizes phospholipid

Rough ER

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golgi apparatus

Camillo Golgi (1898)
Shipping & Receiving Center

Function:
1. Modifies & packages proteins

parts of golgi apparatus:
1. Cis Face
2. Trans Face

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part of golgi apparatus that receive proteins from ER

Cis Face

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part of golgi apparatus that modifies, packages & transport proteins

Trans Face

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mitochondria

Carl Benda (1898)
Powerhouse of a cell
Semi-autonomous

Function:
1. For cellular respiration that produces ATP

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ribosomes

George Palade (mid 1950s)
Protein Factory

Function:
1. Synthesizes proteins

types:
1. Free Ribosomes
2. Bound Ribosomes

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type of ribosomes that are suspended in the cytoplasm

Free Ribosomes

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type of ribosomes that are attached to ER & n. envelope

Bound Ribosomes

lysosomes

- Christian de Duve (1917) - Digestive Compartment Functions: 1. Contains hydrolytic enzyme that digests excess or worn-out organelles

cell repair

Autophagy

phagein (to eat) & kytos (vessel)

Phagocytosis

cell destruction

Autodigestion

peroxisome

- J. Rhodin (1954) - Oxidation Function: 1. Converts fatty acids to smaller substances 2. produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product

cytoskeleton

Nikolai Koltsov (1903) Functions: 1. Responsible for cell motility 2. maintain shape 3. gives support 4. regulates biochemical activities

types of cytoskeleton:

1. Microtubules 2. Intermediate Filament 3. Microfilament

Chloroplasts

- Konstantin Mereschowski (1905) - Capture Light Energy Function: 1. Contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, which captures light necessary for photosynthesis Contents: 1. thylakoids 2. granum 3. stroma

contents of chloroplasts: membranous system in the form of flattened, interconnected sacs

thylakoids

contents of chloroplasts: stacks of thylakoid

granum

contents of chloroplasts: fluid outside the thylakoids

stroma

vacuoles

- Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1676) - Diverse Membrane Compartments Functions: Holds organic and inorganic compounds Types: 1. Food vacuoles 2. Contractile vacuoles 3. Central vacuoles

type of vacuoles: formed by phagocytosis

Food vacuoles

type of vacuoles: pumps excess water out of the cell

Contractile vacoules

type of vacuoles; (plant cell only) its membrane is selective in transporting solutes

Central vacuoles

Provides channel between adjacent cells and form seals to prevent leakage of ECF

INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS - Marilyn Farquhar and George Palade (1963)

types of intercellular junctions:

1. Plasmodesmata (Plant cells) 2. Tight Junctions (Animal cells) 3. Desmomes/Anchoring Junction(Animal cells) 4. Gap Junctions/Communicating Junction (Animal cells)

types of cells:

1. prokaryotic cells 2. eukaryotic cells

It has a centromere in the center, such that both sections are equal length.

Metacentric Chromosomes

It has a centromere slightly offset from the center leading to a slight asymmetry in the length of the two sections.

Submetacentric Chromosomes

It has a centromere which is severely offset from the center leading to one very long and one very short section.

Acrocentric Chromosomes

It has a centromere at the very end of the chromosome.

Telocentric Chromosomes

division of the nucleus to form 2 genetically identical daughter nucleus with diploid number of chromosomes

Mitosis

The Key Roles of Cell Division

* For unicellular organisms’ reproduction = binary fission * For multicellular organisms to grow & develop * For cell renewal and repair

INTERPHASE

* Nuclear envelope is intact * Chromosomes duplicate * Nucleolus still present * Centrioles duplicate

The 4 Mitosis Phases:

* Prophase * Metaphase * Anaphase * Telophase

* Centrioles move to opposite poles & form mitotic spindle * Chromosomes condense & form sister chromatids * Nuclear envelope starts to fragment * Nucleolus absent

PROPHASE

* Kinetochore microtubules attach at the kinetochore * Nuclear envelope is absent * Sister chromatids align at the metaphase plate * Centrioles at opposite poles

METAPHASE

* Cohesion dissolved causing sister chromatids to part * Kinetochore microtubules pull chromosome strands to the opposite poles

ANAPHASE

* Cytokinesis begins * Nucleolus reforming * Nuclear envelope starts to form * Chromosomes less dense

TELOPHASE

division of the nucleus to form 4 genetically unidentical daughter nucleus with haploid number of chromosomes

Meiosis

Separates homologous chromosomes

Meiosis I

Separates sister chromatids

Meiosis II

* Centrioles move to opposite poles & form meiotic spindle * Nucleolus absent * Chromosomes condense (Synapsis occurs and Crossing-Over occurs) * Nuclear envelope starts to fragment

PROPHASE I

Chromosomes appeared w/in the nuclear envelope but are NOT yet fully condensed (bouquet stage)

Leptotene

Synapsis occurs wherein homologs begin to unite by coming into approximate alignment

Zygotene

2 sister chromatids of each chromosome separate from each other making them look thicker

Pachytene

Fused non-sister chromatids begin to separate from each other by the chiasma (pl. chiasmata) movement toward the ends of the chromatids. This process of sliding toward the ends is known as terminalization.

Diplotene

Chromosomes coil tightly & so becomes shorter & thicker

Diakinesis

a process during prophase I, wherein replicated homologs pair up & become physically connected along their lengths by a zipper like protein structure, the synaptonemal complex

synapsis

genetic rearrangement between non-sister chromatids

crossing over

the physical manipulation of crossing over

chiasmata

Cells Flashcards

(67 cards)