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Zoology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

the basic unit of structure & function because it demonstrates all qualities of life processes

A

Cells

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2
Q

They invented lens (Lt. lentils)

A

Zaccharias & Hans Janssen (1590)

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3
Q

Father of Microscopy

A

Anton van Leeuwenhooke (1632)

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4
Q

He discovered cells (Micrographia)

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

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5
Q

a German botanist and co-founder of the cell theory
- “All plants are made of cells.”

A

Matthias Jakob Schleiden(1839)

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6
Q

a German zoologist and co-founder of the cell theory
- “All animals are made of cells.”

A

Theodor Schwann (1839)

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7
Q

a German physician and co-founder of the cell theory
- proposed biogenesis stated that all living cells arise from pre-existing living cells, that there is no spontaneous creation of cells from nonliving matter.

A

Rudolf Virchow(1858)

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8
Q

Modern Cell Theory:

A
  1. Cells make up all life.
  2. Cells are functional and structural units.
  3. Cells are formed by division.
  4. Cells contain hereditary information.
  5. Cells are chemically the same
    Energy flow occurs within cells
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9
Q

cell wall

A
  • Robert Hooke (1665)
  • present in plant cells only

functions:
1. protects the plant cells
2. maintain its shape
3. prevents excessive uptake of water

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10
Q

cell membrane

A
  • C. Naegeli and C. Cramer (1855)
  • Present both in plant and animal cell

functions:
1. Covers and protect the cell
2. Facilitate substance transport
3. Maintain the shape of the cell

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11
Q

Protoplasm

A
  • Johann Evangelist Purkinje (1839)
  • Present both in plant and animal cell

functions:
1. Contains the endomembrane system that regulates protein traffic & performs metabolic functions

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12
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Robert Brown 1833
  • information and control center of the cell

Functions:
1. Houses the genetic information
Parts:
1. Nuclear Envelope -2 layers with pore complexes
2. Chromosomes – discrete unit of DNA
3. Nucleolus – synthesize rRNA

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13
Q

part of nucleus: 2 layers with pore complexes

A

nuclear envelope

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14
Q

part of nucleus: discrete unit of DNA

A

chromosomes

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15
Q

part of nucleus: synthesize rRNA

A

Nucleolus

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16
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Biosynthetic Highway
  • Albert Claude (1945)

functions:
1. Transports protein to other parts of the cell

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17
Q

type of endoplasmic reticulum that synthesize lipids, store Ca+ & detoxify poison

A

Smooth ER

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18
Q

type of endoplasmic reticulum that makes secretory protein, membrane factory & synthesizes phospholipid

A

Rough ER

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19
Q

golgi apparatus

A
  • Camillo Golgi (1898)
  • Shipping & Receiving Center

Function:
1. Modifies & packages proteins

parts of golgi apparatus:
1. Cis Face
2. Trans Face

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20
Q

part of golgi apparatus that receive proteins from ER

A

Cis Face

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21
Q

part of golgi apparatus that modifies, packages & transport proteins

A

Trans Face

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22
Q

mitochondria

A
  • Carl Benda (1898)
  • Powerhouse of a cell
  • Semi-autonomous

Function:
1. For cellular respiration that produces ATP

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23
Q

ribosomes

A
  • George Palade (mid 1950s)
  • Protein Factory

Function:
1. Synthesizes proteins

types:
1. Free Ribosomes
2. Bound Ribosomes

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24
Q

type of ribosomes that are suspended in the cytoplasm

A

Free Ribosomes

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25
Q

type of ribosomes that are attached to ER & n. envelope

A

Bound Ribosomes

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26
Q

lysosomes

A
  • Christian de Duve (1917)
  • Digestive Compartment

Functions:
1. Contains hydrolytic enzyme that digests excess or worn-out organelles

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27
Q

cell repair

A

Autophagy

28
Q

phagein (to eat) & kytos (vessel)

A

Phagocytosis

29
Q

cell destruction

A

Autodigestion

30
Q

peroxisome

A
  • J. Rhodin (1954)
  • Oxidation

Function:
1. Converts fatty acids to smaller substances
2. produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product

31
Q

cytoskeleton

A

Nikolai Koltsov (1903)

Functions:
1. Responsible for cell motility
2. maintain shape
3. gives support
4. regulates biochemical activities

32
Q

types of cytoskeleton:

A
  1. Microtubules
  2. Intermediate Filament
  3. Microfilament
33
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Konstantin Mereschowski (1905)
  • Capture Light Energy

Function:
1. Contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, which captures light necessary for photosynthesis

Contents:
1. thylakoids
2. granum
3. stroma

34
Q

contents of chloroplasts: membranous system in the form of flattened, interconnected sacs

A

thylakoids

35
Q

contents of chloroplasts: stacks of thylakoid

A

granum

36
Q

contents of chloroplasts: fluid outside the thylakoids

A

stroma

37
Q

vacuoles

A
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1676)
  • Diverse Membrane Compartments

Functions:
Holds organic and inorganic compounds

Types:
1. Food vacuoles
2. Contractile vacuoles
3. Central vacuoles

38
Q

type of vacuoles: formed by phagocytosis

A

Food vacuoles

39
Q

type of vacuoles: pumps excess water out of the cell

A

Contractile vacoules

40
Q

type of vacuoles; (plant cell only) its membrane is selective in transporting solutes

A

Central vacuoles

41
Q

Provides channel between adjacent cells and form seals to prevent leakage of ECF

A

INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS

  • Marilyn Farquhar and George Palade (1963)
42
Q

types of intercellular junctions:

A
  1. Plasmodesmata (Plant cells)
  2. Tight Junctions (Animal cells)
  3. Desmomes/Anchoring Junction(Animal cells)
  4. Gap Junctions/Communicating Junction (Animal cells)
43
Q

types of cells:

A
  1. prokaryotic cells
  2. eukaryotic cells
44
Q

It has a centromere in the center, such that both sections are equal length.

A

Metacentric Chromosomes

45
Q

It has a centromere slightly offset from the center leading to a slight asymmetry in the length of the two sections.

A

Submetacentric Chromosomes

46
Q

It has a centromere which is severely offset from the center leading to one very long and one very short section.

A

Acrocentric Chromosomes

47
Q

It has a centromere at the very end of the chromosome.

A

Telocentric Chromosomes

48
Q

division of the nucleus to form 2 genetically identical daughter nucleus with diploid number of chromosomes

A

Mitosis

49
Q

The Key Roles of Cell Division

A
  • For unicellular organisms’ reproduction = binary fission
  • For multicellular organisms to grow & develop
  • For cell renewal and repair
50
Q

INTERPHASE

A
  • Nuclear envelope is intact
  • Chromosomes duplicate
  • Nucleolus still present
  • Centrioles duplicate
51
Q

The 4 Mitosis Phases:

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
52
Q
  • Centrioles move to opposite poles & form mitotic spindle
  • Chromosomes condense & form sister chromatids
  • Nuclear envelope starts to fragment
  • Nucleolus absent
A

PROPHASE

53
Q
  • Kinetochore microtubules attach at the kinetochore
  • Nuclear envelope is absent
  • Sister chromatids align at the metaphase plate
  • Centrioles at opposite poles
A

METAPHASE

54
Q
  • Cohesion dissolved causing sister chromatids to part
  • Kinetochore microtubules pull chromosome strands to the opposite poles
A

ANAPHASE

55
Q
  • Cytokinesis begins
  • Nucleolus reforming
  • Nuclear envelope starts to form
  • Chromosomes less dense
A

TELOPHASE

56
Q

division of the nucleus to form 4 genetically unidentical daughter nucleus with haploid number of chromosomes

A

Meiosis

57
Q

Separates homologous chromosomes

A

Meiosis I

58
Q

Separates sister chromatids

A

Meiosis II

59
Q
  • Centrioles move to opposite poles & form meiotic spindle
  • Nucleolus absent
  • Chromosomes condense (Synapsis occurs and Crossing-Over occurs)
  • Nuclear envelope starts to fragment
A

PROPHASE I

60
Q

Chromosomes appeared w/in the nuclear envelope but are NOT yet fully condensed (bouquet stage)

A

Leptotene

61
Q

Synapsis occurs wherein homologs begin to unite by coming into approximate alignment

A

Zygotene

62
Q

2 sister chromatids of each chromosome separate from each other making them look thicker

A

Pachytene

63
Q

Fused non-sister chromatids begin to separate from each other by the chiasma (pl. chiasmata) movement toward the ends of the chromatids. This process of sliding toward the ends is known as terminalization.

A

Diplotene

64
Q

Chromosomes coil tightly & so becomes shorter & thicker

A

Diakinesis

65
Q

a process during prophase I, wherein replicated homologs pair up & become physically connected along their lengths by a zipper like protein structure, the synaptonemal complex

A

synapsis

66
Q

genetic rearrangement between non-sister chromatids

A

crossing over

67
Q

the physical manipulation of crossing over

A

chiasmata

Zoology (28 decks)

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