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Zoology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

The Digestive System

A

• General anatomy and digestive processes
• Mouth through esophagus
• Stomach
• Liver, gallbladder and pancreas
• Small intestine
• Chemical digestion and absorption
• Large intestine

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2
Q

Digestive Functions:

A

• Ingestion - intake of food
• Digestion - breakdown of molecules
• Absorption - uptake nutrients into blood/lymph
• Defecation - elimination of undigested material

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3
Q

Stages of Digestion:

A
  • Mechanical digestion
  • Chemical digestion
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4
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

physical breakdown of food into smaller particles (churning - pag nguya) using teeth and tounge

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5
Q

Results of Chemical digestion:

A

• polysaccharides into monosaccharides
• proteins into amino acids
• fats into glycerol and fatty acids

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6
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

series of hydrolysis reactions that break macromolecules into their monomers

  • enzymes from saliva, stomach, pancreas and intestines
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7
Q

Digestive Processes:

A
  • Motility - muscular contraction that break up food, mix it with enzymes and move it along
  • Secretion - digestive enzymes and hormones
  • Membrane Transport - absorption of nutrients
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8
Q

digestive enzymes and hormones:

A
  • amylase - breaks down starch (mouth)
  • pepsin - breaks down proteins available in food (stomach)
  • lipase - breaks down fats/lipids (small intestine glands)
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9
Q

Digestive tract (GI tract)

A

30 foot long tube extending from mouth to anus

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10
Q

Accessory organs:

A

teeth, tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands

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11
Q

Tissue Layers of GI Tract:

A
  • Mucosa: epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
  • Submucosa: esophageal glands
  • Muscularis externa: inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer
  • Adventitia or Serosa: areolar tissue or mesothelium (serosa covers most of the GI organ, acts as protective coat)
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12
Q

Inner Circular Layer and Outer Longitudinal Layer

A

Inner Circular Layer: they constrict the lumen aids in mixing
Outer Longitudinal Layer: helps in the peristalsis

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13
Q

Enteric Nervous Control

A
  • Second brain of GI tract
  • Able to function independently of central nervous system (CNS)
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14
Q

two nerve networks of Enteric Nervous Control:

A

Submucosal Plexus:
- controls glandular secretion of mucosa
- contractions of muscularis mucosae

Myenteric Plexus:
- controls peristalsis
- contractions of muscularis externa

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15
Q
  • __________ of small intestines holds many blood vessels
  • ________ anchors colon to posterior body wall
A

Mesentery and Mesocolon

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16
Q

connects/attaches stomach to liver

A

Lesser Omentum

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17
Q

covers small intestines like an apron

A

Greater Omentum

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18
Q

short myenteric reflexes (swallowing)

A

Neural Control

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19
Q

messengers diffuse into bloodstream, distant targets

A

Hormones

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20
Q

messengers diffuse to nearby target cells

A

Paracrine secretions

21
Q

keep food between teeth for chewing; essential for speech and suckling in infants

A

Cheeks and lips

22
Q

space between teeth and cheeks

A

vestibule

23
Q

_______ - cutaneous area versus ________ - red area

A

Lips
Vermilion

24
Q
  • a muscular manipulator of food
  • papillae and taste buds on the dorsal surface
  • lingual glands secrete saliva, tonsils in root
A

Tongue

25
Q
  • allow breathing and chewing at the same time
  • palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
A

Hard and soft palate

26
Q

baby teeth
adult teeth

A

20
32

27
Q

Tooth Structure

A
  • The periodontal ligament is modified periosteum
  • Cementum and dentin are living tissue
  • Enamel is a noncellular secretion formed during the development
  • Root canal leads into the pulp cavity
    Gingiva or gums
28
Q

Breaks food into smaller pieces to be swallowed

A

Mastication or Chewing

29
Q

function of Saliva:

A
  • moisten
  • begin starch and fat digestion
  • cleanse teeth
  • inhibit bacteria, bind food together into the bolus
30
Q

Small intrinsic glands found under mucous membrane of mouth, lips, cheeks and tongue - secrete at constant rate

A

Salivary Glands

31
Q

3 pairs extrinsic glands connected to oral cavity by ducts:

A
  • parotid gland - largest
  • submandibular gland
  • sublingual gland
32
Q

Mucous cells secrete _______

A

Mucus

33
Q

Serous cells secrete ____________

A

thin fluid rich in amylase

34
Q

salivary glands produce thin saliva, rich in enzymes

A

parasympathetic stimulation

35
Q

produce less abundant, thicker saliva, with more mucus

A

sympathetic stimulation

36
Q

Higher brain centers stimulate salivatory nuclei so sight, smell and thought of food cause __________

A

Salivation

37
Q

Pharynx

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • deep layer – longitudinal orientation
  • superficial layer – circular orientation
  • superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors
38
Q

Straight muscular tube 25-30 cm long

A

Esophagus

39
Q

Series of muscular contractions coordinated by center in medulla and pons

A

Swallowing (Deglutition)

40
Q

tongue collects food and pushes it back into oropharynx

A

Buccal phase

41
Q
  • soft palate rises and blocks nasopharynx
  • infrahyoid muscles lift the larynx; epiglottis folded back
  • pharyngeal constrictors push bolus down the esophagus
A

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

42
Q

Mechanically breaks up food, liquifies food and begins chemical digestion of protein and fat
Muscular sac (internal volume from 50ml to 4L)

A

Stomach

43
Q

opening to duodenum

A

Pylorus

44
Q

domed portion superior to esophageal opening

A

fundus

45
Q

main portion of organ

A

Body

46
Q

narrow inferior end

A

pyloric region

47
Q

Pylorus is a thick ring of smooth muscle that forms a __________

A

sphincter

48
Q
  • simple columnar glandular epithelium
  • lamina propria is filled with tubular glands (gastric pits)
A

Mucosa

49
Q

Muscularis externa has 3 layers:

A
  • outer longitudinal layer
  • middle circular layer
  • inner oblique layer

Zoology (28 decks)

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