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Zoology > (continuation) Urinary System - Urine Formation I: Glomerular Filtration > Flashcards

(continuation) Urinary System - Urine Formation I: Glomerular Filtration Flashcards

1
Q

the fluid in the capsular space

A

Glomerular filtrate

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2
Q

fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule through the distal convoluted tub

A

Tubular fluid

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3
Q

fluid that enters the collecting duct

A

Urine

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4
Q

a special case of the capillary fluid exchange process in which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the capillaries of the glomerulus into the capsular space of the nephron

A

Glomerular filtration

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5
Q

three barriers through which fluid passes

A

Filtration membrane

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6
Q

70 to 90 nm filtration pores exclude blood cells

A

Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries

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7
Q

Proteoglycan gel, negative charge, excludes molecules greater than 8 nm

A

Basement membrane

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8
Q

wrap around the capillaries to form a barrier layer with 30 nm filtration slits

A

Podocyte cell extensions (pedicels)

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9
Q

presence of protein in urine

A

Proteinuria (albuminuria)

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10
Q

presence of blood in the urine

A

Hematuria

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11
Q

Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)

A
  • Much higher in glomerular capillaries (60 mm Hg
    compared to 10 to 15 in most other capillaries)
  • Because afferent arteriole is larger than efferent arteriole
  • Larger inlet and smaller outlet
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12
Q

in capsular space, 18 mm Hg due to high filtration rate and continual accumulation of fluid in the capsule

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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13
Q

the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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14
Q

GFR control is achieved by three homeostatic mechanisms:

A
  • Renal autoregulation
  • Sympathetic control
  • Hormonal control
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15
Q

the ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without external (nervous or hormonal) control

A

Renal autoregulation

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16
Q

Two methods of autoregulation:

A
  • myogenic mechanism
  • tubuloglomerular feedback
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17
Q

based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched

A

Myogenic mechanism

18
Q

the feedback regulation of the GFR in a single nephron based on sensory information about the distal tubule fluid

A

Tubuloglomerular feedback

19
Q

complex structure found at the very end of the nephron loop where it has just reentered the renal cortex

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

20
Q

Three special kinds of cells occur in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  • Macula densa cells
  • Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells
  • Mesangial cells
21
Q

Sympathetic nerve fibers richly innervate the renal
blood vessels

A

Sympathetic Control

22
Q

Potent vasoconstrictor raising BP throughout the body

A

Angiotensin II

23
Q

process of reclaiming water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood

A

Tubular reabsorption

24
Q

Two routes of reabsorption:

A
  • Transcellular route
  • Paracellular route
25
Q

water carries with it a variety of dissolved solutes

A

Solvent drag

26
Q

Creates an osmotic and electrical gradient that drives the reabsorption of water and other solutes

A

Sodium reabsorption - the key to everything else

27
Q

____________ follow the positive sodium ions by electrical attraction

A

Negative chloride ions

28
Q

process in which renal tubule extracts chemicals from capillary blood and secretes them into tubular fluid

A

Tubular secretion

29
Q

Secretion of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions help regulate pH of body fluids

A

Acid-base balance

30
Q

Primary function of ________ is to generate a salinity gradient that enables the collecting duct to concentrate the urine and conserve water

A

Nephron loop

31
Q

Two kinds of cells in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) and collecting duct:

A

Principal cells
Intercalated cells

32
Q

the “salt-retaining hormone”

A

Aldosterone

33
Q

secreted by atrial myocardium of the heart in response to high blood pressure

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

34
Q

secreted by posterior lobe of the pituitary

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

35
Q

secreted from parathyroid glands in response to calcium deficiency (hypocalcemia)

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

36
Q

Water diuresis–drinking large volumes of water will produce a large volume of hypotonic urine

A

hypotonic urine

37
Q

capillary branching off efferent arteriole in medulla

A

Vasa recta

38
Q

formed by blood flowing in opposite directions in adjacent parallel capillaries

A

Countercurrent system

39
Q

Exchanges water for salt

A

Descending capillaries

40
Q

Exchanges salt for water

A

Ascending capillaries

Zoology (28 decks)

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