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Zoology > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

_________ defined as “an integrated, unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals, and ecosystems.

A

One Health

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2
Q

firmly rooted in the science of conventional medicine and additionally recognizes the key importance of external influences (such as nutrition, environment, e.g. exposure to toxins and lifestyle) and internal influences (such as gut bacteria, genetic disposition, allergy, nutritional deficiencies, biochemical disturbances) in causing disease.

A

Ecological Medicine

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3
Q

contains the combined portions of the planet in which all of life exist, including land, water and atmosphere

A

Biosphere

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4
Q

the scientific study of interactions between different organisms and between organisms and their environment or surroundings

A

Ecology

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5
Q

it consists of all the organisms and the physical environment with which they interact. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows

A

Ecosystem

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6
Q

All the populations of the different species living and inter-acting in the same ecosystem

A

Community

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7
Q

any unicellular or multicellular form exhibiting all of the characteristics of life, an individual

A

Organism

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8
Q

A group of organisms that can breed to produce fully fertile offspring

A

Species

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9
Q

A group of organism of the same species which live in the same habitat at the same time where they can freely interbreed

A

Population

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10
Q

The total number of different species in an ecosystem and their relative abundance

A

Biodiversity

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11
Q

living factors that influence an ecosystem

A

Biotic

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12
Q

non-living factors that influence an ecosystem

A

Abiotic

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13
Q

Producers

A
  • Sunlight is the main energy source for life on earth
  • Also called autotrophs
    1. Plants
    2. plant-like protists (algae)
    3. Bacteria
  • Photosynthesis
  • Chemosynthesis
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14
Q

use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates

A

Photosynthesis

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15
Q

performed by bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates

A

Chemosynthesis

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16
Q

Consumers

A
  • Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply
  • Also called heterotrophs
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17
Q

obtain energy by eating only plants

A

Herbivores

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18
Q

eat only animals

A

Carnivores

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19
Q

eat both plants and animals

A

Omnivores

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20
Q

breaks down dead organic matter

A

Decomposers

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21
Q

Heterotrophic organisms who ingest dead organic matter. (e.g. earthworms, woodlice, millipedes)

A

Detritivores

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22
Q

Heterotrophic organisms who secrete digestive enzymes onto dead organism matter and absorb the digested material. (e.g. fungi, bacteria)

A

Saprotrophs

23
Q

Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction—from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to heterotrophs (consumers)

A

Feeding Interactions

24
Q

series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

A

Food chain

25
Q

network of food chains within an ecosystem

A

Food web

26
Q

Diagram that shows the relative amount of energy or organisms contained within each trophic level of a food chain or web

A

Ecological Pyramids

27
Q

shows relative amount of energy available at each trophic level

A

Energy Pyramid

28
Q

represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level

A

Biomass Pyramid

29
Q

only about 10% of the available energy within a trophic level is transferred to the next higher trophic level

A

Rule of 10

30
Q

a series of predictable changes in an environment

A

Ecological Succession

31
Q

succession that occurs on the surface where no soil exists

A

Primary Succession

32
Q

first species to populate the area

A

Pioneer Species

33
Q

following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil

A

Secondary Succession

34
Q

when two organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time

A

Competition

35
Q

involves both the place where an organism lives and the roles that an organism has in its habitat.

A

Niche

36
Q

one organism captures and feeds on another organism

A

Predation

  1. Predator - one that does the killing
  2. Prey - one that is the food
37
Q

any relationship in which two species live closely together

A

Symbiosis

38
Q

both species benefit (WIN-WIN)

A

Mutualism

39
Q

one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. (WIN-0)

A

Commensalism

40
Q

one organisms lives on or inside another organism (host) and harms it.

A

Parasitism

41
Q

Aquatic biomes:

A
  • Wetlands
  • Lakes
  • Rivers, streams
  • Intertidal zones
  • Oceanic pelagic biome
  • Coral reefs
  • Benthos
42
Q

occur in neritic zones of warm, tropical water, dominated by cnidarians (corals); very productive, protect land from storms; most are now dying from rise in global temperatures

A

Coral Reefs

43
Q

Occurs in benthic zone; diverse, unusual organisms; energy comes not from light but from chemicals released from the magma

A

Deep-sea vent

44
Q

Terrestrial biomes:

A
  • Tropical forest
  • Savanna
  • Desert
  • Chaparral
  • Temperate grassland
  • Temperate deciduous forest
  • Coniferous forest
  • Tundra
45
Q

Vertical stratification with trees in canopy blocking light to bottom strata. Many trees covered by epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants).

A

Tropical Forest

46
Q

Sparse rainfall (< 30 cm per year), plants and animals adapted for water storage and conservation. Can be either very, very hot, or very cold (e.g. Antarctica)

A

Desert

47
Q

Dense, spiny, evergreen shrubs, mild rainy winters; long, hot, dry summers. Periodic fires, some plants require fire for seeds to germinate.

A

Chaparral

48
Q

Marked by seasonal drought and fires, and grazing by large animals. Rich habitat for agriculture.

A

Temperate Grassland (prairie)

49
Q

Mid-latitudes with moderate amounts of moisture, distinct vertical strata: trees, understory shrubs, herbaceous sub-stratum. Loss of leaves in cold, many animals hibernate or migrate then. Original forests lost from North America by logging and clearing.

A

Temperate Deciduous Forest

50
Q

Largest terrestial biome on earth, old growth forests rapidly disappearing, usually receives lots of moisture as rain or snow.

A

Coniferous forest

51
Q

Permafrost (Permanent frozen ground), bitter cold, high winds and thus no trees. Has 20% of land surface on earth.

A

Tundra

52
Q

defined as an applied science that focuses on ecological procedures related to methods of agriculture production. It integrates ecological principles to improve agriculture production.

A

Agroecology

53
Q

It is defined as sustainable farming that includes a variety of methods such as extensive or intensive farming, conventional farming, integrated farming, regenerative farming or organic farming, organic agriculture, permaculture, and agroforestry.

A

Agroecology Farming

54
Q

It is a social movement that aims to produce food using a sustainable agriculture system.

A

Agroecology Movement

Zoology (28 decks)

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