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Zoology > Chemical Composition of a Living Matter > Flashcards

Chemical Composition of a Living Matter Flashcards

1
Q

anything that takes up space and has mass

A

Matter

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2
Q

Matter is made up of __________, substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.

A

Elements

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3
Q

a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.

A

Compound

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4
Q

Elements making up about 96% of human body weight:

A
  • Oxygen (65.0)
  • Carbon (18.5)
  • Hydrogen (9.5)
  • Nitrogen (3.3)
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5
Q

Elements making up about 4% of human body weight:

A
  • Calcium (1.5)
  • Phosphorous (1.0)
  • Potassium (0.4)
  • Sulfur (0.3)
  • Sodium (0.2)
  • Chlorine (0.2)
  • Magnesium (0.1)
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6
Q

are those required by an organism in only minute quantities

A

Trace elements

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7
Q

Trace elements (are those required by an organism in only minute quantities) makes up <0.01%:

A

boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, zinc

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8
Q

He wrote that matter was empty space filled with tremendous numbers of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.

A

Democritus

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9
Q

the smallest units of matter that can exist alone.

A

Atoms

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10
Q

the number of protons in an atom of that element.

A

atomic number

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11
Q

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

A

mass number

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12
Q

Water

A
  • solid (ice), liquid, gas (vapor)
  • most cells are about 70-95% water (cytoplasm)
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13
Q

Two water molecules are held together by a ___________.

A

Hydrogen bond

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14
Q

4 Properties of Water:

A
  1. Cohesive Behavior
  2. Ability to Moderate Temperature
  3. Expansion upon Freezing
  4. Versatility as Solvent
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15
Q

a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid (ex. Water strider)

A

Surface tension

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16
Q

Water’s specific heat is? give its effect

A

1cal/gm/⁰C
- The high specific heat of water also tends to stabilize ocean temperatures, creating a favourable environment for marine life

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17
Q

Effects of Evaporative Cooling

A

Sweating

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18
Q

_________ is a liquid that is completely homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

A

Solution

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19
Q

_________ is the dissolving agent of a solution

A

Solvent

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20
Q

_________ is the substance that is dissolved

A

Solute

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21
Q

_______________ is one in which water is the solvent

A

Aqueous solution

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22
Q

Any substances that has an affinity for water

A

Hydrophilic substances

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23
Q

Any substances that do not have affinity for water because they are non-ionic & nonpolar that seem to repel water

A

Hydrophobic substances

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24
Q

A stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid

A

Colloid

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25
Q

a substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentrates of a solution & removes hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution

A

Acid

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26
Q

Example of Acids

A

pH 1 battery acid
pH 2 gastric juices, lemon juice
pH 3 vinegar, beer, wine, cola, hydrochloric acid
pH 4 tomato juice
pH 5 black coffee
pH 6 rain water, urine, saliva

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27
Q

the transformation from a liquid to gas

A

Evaporation

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28
Q

occurs when liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down

A

Evaporative cooling

29
Q

___________ buffering system consists of an acid & a base in equilibrium with each other

A

Carbonic acid-Bicarbonate

30
Q

Are substances that minimize the changes in the concentration of H+ & OH- in a solution

A

buffering system

31
Q

Compounds formed by ionic bonds. They are often found in nature as crystals of various sizes & shapes

A

Salts

32
Q

Simplest carbohydrates; also known as single sugars

A

Monosaccharides

33
Q

the most common monosaccharides

A

Glucose

34
Q

aldehyde sugars

A

Aldose

35
Q

ketone sugars

A

Ketoses

36
Q

3-carbon sugars
5-carbon sugars
6-carbon sugars

A

Trioses
Pentoses
Hexoses

37
Q

Monosaccharides functions:

A
  • Major fuel for cellular work in the process known as cellular respiration
  • Major nutrient for cells
  • Their carbon skeletons also serve as raw material for the synthesis of other types f small organic molecules such as amino acids & fatty acids
38
Q

double sugars, consisting of 2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

A

Disaccharides

39
Q

2 molecules of glucose

A

Maltose

40
Q

glucose + fructose

A

Sucrose

41
Q

glucose + galactose

A

Lactose

42
Q

macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

A

Polysaccharides

43
Q

Two types of Polysaccharides:

A
  • Storage Polysaccharides
  • Structural Polysaccharides
44
Q

Both plants & animals store sugars for later use in the form of _______________.

A

Storage Polysaccharides

45
Q

A storage polysaccharide in animals usually stored mainly on liver & muscle cells

A

Glycogen

46
Q

Plants store _______ as granules within cellular structures known as plastids, which include chloroplasts

A

Starch

47
Q

A major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

A

Cellulose

48
Q

The carbohydrate used by anthropods to build their exoskeletons

A

Chitin

49
Q

Compounds that are hydrophobic, which explains why fats or oils don’t mix with water

A

Lipids

50
Q

3 Forms of lipids:

A
  1. Fats
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
51
Q

Constructed from 2 smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids.

A

Fats

52
Q

Types of fats:

A
  1. Saturated Fat
  2. Unsaturated Fat
53
Q

Functions of fats:

A
  • Energy storage
  • Cushions vital organs
  • Insulates the body
54
Q

essential for cells because they make up cell membranes

A

Phospholipids

55
Q

Many hormones are ________ produced from cholesterol

A

Steroids

56
Q

two types of nucleic acids

A
  1. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  2. ribonucleic acid (RNA)
57
Q

the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents

(more genes)

A

DNA

58
Q

Consist of a single polynucleotide chain

(single gene)

A

RNA

59
Q

Have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions

A

Proteins

60
Q

Greek word ________ meaning “first place”

A

proteios

61
Q

Proteins that “regulates metabolism by acting as catalysts that speed up chemical reactions”

A

Enzymatic Proteins

62
Q

Proteins that play a role in “structural support”

A

Structural Proteins

63
Q

Proteins that play as “a storage of amino acids”

A

Storage Proteins

64
Q

Proteins that play a role in “the transport of other substances”

A

Transport Proteins

65
Q

Proteins that play a role in “the coordination of an organism’s activities”

A

Hormonal Proteins

66
Q

Proteins that play a role in “the response of cells to chemical stimuli”

A

Receptor Proteins

67
Q

Proteins that serve as the “protections against diseases”

A

Defensive Proteins

68
Q

a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Cellular respiration

Zoology (28 decks)

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