Chemical Composition of a Living Matter Flashcards
anything that takes up space and has mass
Matter
Matter is made up of __________, substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.
Elements
a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.
Compound
Elements making up about 96% of human body weight:
- Oxygen (65.0)
- Carbon (18.5)
- Hydrogen (9.5)
- Nitrogen (3.3)
Elements making up about 4% of human body weight:
- Calcium (1.5)
- Phosphorous (1.0)
- Potassium (0.4)
- Sulfur (0.3)
- Sodium (0.2)
- Chlorine (0.2)
- Magnesium (0.1)
are those required by an organism in only minute quantities
Trace elements
Trace elements (are those required by an organism in only minute quantities) makes up <0.01%:
boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, zinc
He wrote that matter was empty space filled with tremendous numbers of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
Democritus
the smallest units of matter that can exist alone.
Atoms
the number of protons in an atom of that element.
atomic number
the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
mass number
Water
- solid (ice), liquid, gas (vapor)
- most cells are about 70-95% water (cytoplasm)
Two water molecules are held together by a ___________.
Hydrogen bond
4 Properties of Water:
- Cohesive Behavior
- Ability to Moderate Temperature
- Expansion upon Freezing
- Versatility as Solvent
a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid (ex. Water strider)
Surface tension
Water’s specific heat is? give its effect
1cal/gm/⁰C
- The high specific heat of water also tends to stabilize ocean temperatures, creating a favourable environment for marine life
Effects of Evaporative Cooling
Sweating
_________ is a liquid that is completely homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances
Solution
_________ is the dissolving agent of a solution
Solvent
_________ is the substance that is dissolved
Solute
_______________ is one in which water is the solvent
Aqueous solution
Any substances that has an affinity for water
Hydrophilic substances
Any substances that do not have affinity for water because they are non-ionic & nonpolar that seem to repel water
Hydrophobic substances
A stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid
Colloid
a substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentrates of a solution & removes hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution
Acid
Example of Acids
pH 1 battery acid
pH 2 gastric juices, lemon juice
pH 3 vinegar, beer, wine, cola, hydrochloric acid
pH 4 tomato juice
pH 5 black coffee
pH 6 rain water, urine, saliva
the transformation from a liquid to gas
Evaporation
occurs when liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down
Evaporative cooling
___________ buffering system consists of an acid & a base in equilibrium with each other
Carbonic acid-Bicarbonate
Are substances that minimize the changes in the concentration of H+ & OH- in a solution
buffering system
Compounds formed by ionic bonds. They are often found in nature as crystals of various sizes & shapes
Salts
Simplest carbohydrates; also known as single sugars
Monosaccharides
the most common monosaccharides
Glucose
aldehyde sugars
Aldose
ketone sugars
Ketoses
3-carbon sugars
5-carbon sugars
6-carbon sugars
Trioses
Pentoses
Hexoses
Monosaccharides functions:
- Major fuel for cellular work in the process known as cellular respiration
- Major nutrient for cells
- Their carbon skeletons also serve as raw material for the synthesis of other types f small organic molecules such as amino acids & fatty acids
double sugars, consisting of 2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
Disaccharides
2 molecules of glucose
Maltose
glucose + fructose
Sucrose
glucose + galactose
Lactose
macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
Polysaccharides
Two types of Polysaccharides:
- Storage Polysaccharides
- Structural Polysaccharides
Both plants & animals store sugars for later use in the form of _______________.
Storage Polysaccharides
A storage polysaccharide in animals usually stored mainly on liver & muscle cells
Glycogen
Plants store _______ as granules within cellular structures known as plastids, which include chloroplasts
Starch
A major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells
Cellulose
The carbohydrate used by anthropods to build their exoskeletons
Chitin
Compounds that are hydrophobic, which explains why fats or oils don’t mix with water
Lipids
3 Forms of lipids:
- Fats
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
Constructed from 2 smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids.
Fats
Types of fats:
- Saturated Fat
- Unsaturated Fat
Functions of fats:
- Energy storage
- Cushions vital organs
- Insulates the body
essential for cells because they make up cell membranes
Phospholipids
Many hormones are ________ produced from cholesterol
Steroids
two types of nucleic acids
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- ribonucleic acid (RNA)
the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents
(more genes)
DNA
Consist of a single polynucleotide chain
(single gene)
RNA
Have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
Proteins
Greek word ________ meaning “first place”
proteios
Proteins that “regulates metabolism by acting as catalysts that speed up chemical reactions”
Enzymatic Proteins
Proteins that play a role in “structural support”
Structural Proteins
Proteins that play as “a storage of amino acids”
Storage Proteins
Proteins that play a role in “the transport of other substances”
Transport Proteins
Proteins that play a role in “the coordination of an organism’s activities”
Hormonal Proteins
Proteins that play a role in “the response of cells to chemical stimuli”
Receptor Proteins
Proteins that serve as the “protections against diseases”
Defensive Proteins
a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Cellular respiration
