Animal Classifications, Phylogeny, and Organization Flashcards
the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms and includes all plants, animals and microorganisms of the world
Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
- a Swedish biologist who established a simple system for classifying and naming organisms.
- father of Modern Taxonomy
Modern System:
- Each KINGDOM (plant and animal) was divided into a PHYLUM* (division for plants).
- Each phylum was divided into smaller groups called CLASS.
- Each class was divided into an ORDER.
- Each order was divided into FAMILY (families).
- Each family was divided into a GENUS (plural-genera).
- Each genus was divided into a SPECIES (scientific name)
The first word of the Scientific Name (Species Name)
genus
The second word of the Scientific Name (Species Name)
species
refers to the relatively small group of organisms to which a particular type of organism belongs
Genus
usually a Latin description of some important characteristic of the organism
Species
a system that organizes the tremendous diversity of organisms into a phylogenetic tree
Systematics
often provides clues to evolutionary relationships
The Fossil Record
Taxonomists use comparisons of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins as a kind of _____________.
molecular clock
a system of taxonomy that reconstructs phylogenies by inferring relationships based on similarities
Cladistics
Using patterns of shared derived traits, biologists used cladistics to construct a branching diagram
Cladogram
Autotrophic organisms
organisms that can produce their own food from the substances available in their surroundings using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
Heterotrophic organisms
cannot synthesize their own food and rely on other organisms for their nutrition.
Six-Kingdom System:
- Archaebacteria
- Eubacteria
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
Archaebacteria
- unicellular prokaryotes
- descended (very similar) from the first organisms on earth
- some are autotrophic, most are heterotrophic
- live in harsh environments
Eubacteria
- unicellular prokaryotes
- both autotrophic and heterotrophic
- reproduce by binary fission, but they do have some ways to recombine genes, allowing evolution to occur.
the greatest number of living things on Earth.
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Protista
- placed here more because of What They Are Not than What They Are.
- contains all eukaryotes that are NOT Plants, Animal, or Fungi, more than 50,000 species in all.
- unicellular plants, animals, and fungi
Fungi
- eukaryotes and most are multicellular
- cells of fungi - have cell walls that contain a material called chitin.
- they absorb their food after it has been digested by the enzymes.
- act either as decomposers or as parasites in nature.
- includes molds, mildews, mushrooms, and yeast.
- decomposers
Plantae
- extremely important to all life on earth
- primary producers and support life for most food chains in the planet’s major biomes
- producers
Animalia
- consumers
- animal cells have no cell wall
- multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic
- can move from place to place
Three Domain System:
- Domain Archaea (archaebacteria)
- Domain Bacteria (eubacteria)
- Domain Eukarya (eukaryotes)
Viruses
- have no nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, or cell membrane, so can not carry out cellular functions
- Very small, size ranges form 20nm to 250 nm (size of small bacteria)
- inactive outside of the host
Some viruses have a membrane-like structure outside the capsid called an ___________
envelope
Viruses consists of two parts: a nucleic acid and a protein coat called a ________
capsid
