Research Methods 1 Variables

Question 1

Research methods1 n 2 -
Reliability

Answer 1

A piece of research is repeated with same method,same results

Question 2

Research methods1n2-
Valid

Answer 2

Does it measure what it claims to be measuring?

Question 3

Research methods 1n2-
Internail validity

Answer 3

Validity inside study. To what extent is the researcher measuring whats intended or r there extraneous variables effecting

Question 4

Research methods 1n2-external validity

Answer 4

Extent results can be generalised.either ecological, population or historical.

Question 5

Research methods 1n2 Population validity

Answer 5

Participants used are typical of which the group in real life are drawn.eg similar group =low pop validity, should reflect general pop

Question 6

Research methods1n2-
Ecological validity

Answer 6

Behaviour accurately reflects behaviour in normal circumstances. Usually isn’t true to life ,dosnt tell us about real life if done in a lab

Question 7

Research methods1n2-
Historical validity

Answer 7

Research taken place at diff time accurately reflect behaviour at diff point in time.

Question 8

Reseaech methods 1n2-
I.V

Answer 8

Different conditions in study.

Question 9

Reseaech methods1n2-
D.V

Answer 9

what u measure .affected by the I.V

Question 10

Research methods1n2-
Extraneous variables

Answer 10

Factors impacting result other than what you intended

Question 11

Research methods 1n2-
Situational variables

Answer 11

Variables (excuses)from the environment.like in a test if temp is too hot /cold.

Question 12

Research methods 1n2-
Participant variables

Answer 12

Characteristics of individual participants (personal excuses).motivation,if they had coffee that morning for a test harder to control than situational.

Question 13

Research methods 1n2-
Confounding variables

Answer 13

Uncontrolled extraneous variables.may effect D.V therefore reducing internal validity of results.

Question 14

Research methods 1n2-
Confounding variables fail because effect the result…

Answer 14

Cus the researcher failed to identify ,control for an extraneous variable.

Question 15

Research methods 1n2-
Control group

Answer 15

Participants who arnt being tested but the independent variables.they are used for comparison, more scientific.

Question 16

Reseaech methods 1n2-
Operationalism

Answer 16

Defining/specifying behaviours in experiment clearly. So can be measured.

Question 17

Research methods1n2-
Operationalism

Answer 17

Defining/specifying behaviours in experiment clearly. So can be measured.

Question 18

Research methods 1n2
Investigator effects r

Answer 18

Investigator effects occur when unintentional influence of researchers behaviour characteristics on Participant/data/outcome

Question 19

Research methods 1n2
Investigator effects explained

Answer 19

If the do occur,the researcher isn’t typically aware of it so it’ll make results invalid cus researcher not measuring natural behaviour ,low internal val

Question 20

Research methods 1n2
Investigator effects can be controlled through

Answer 20

Inter rater reliability ,double/single blind method n randomisation
If in interview could do standardised script
So each person has the same experiences with experimenter
Or all ppl could be influenced by same sex

Question 21

Research methods 1n2
Quasi

Answer 21

Researcher studies IV which participants have as characteristics that’s naturally occurring. But manipulates the task the need to complete .aim is to see how manipulated task and Iv causes DV

Question 22

Research methods 1n2
Quasi aim

Answer 22

To see if naturally occurring IV causes differences in performance on DV

Question 23

Research methods 1n2
Situational variable

Answer 23

Say eg lighting or temp
Easier to control than participant
Controlled through standardised procedures

Question 24

Research methods 1n2
Participant variables

Answer 24

Eg sex ,age ,intelligence ,motivation harder to control
Controlled partially through repeated measures
Matched pairs or random allocation of independent group design

Question 25

Research methods 1n2 Demand ques

Answer 25

Can lead to social desirability bias Effects where they behave in way they think researcher wants or spoil research as result=low internal val cus researcher measuring natural behaviour

Question 26

Research methods 1n2 Demand ques how to control

Answer 26

Counter balancing if repeated measures Using diff participants in each condition if matched pairs Or independent groups also by withholding info bout aim /procedure in standardised instructions /consent forms

Question 27

Research methods 1n2 Demand ques controlled

Answer 27

Using different participants in each condition matched pairs /independent groups or counterbalance groups if repeated measures n less info on aims /procedures in standardised instructions /consent

Question 28

Research methods 1n2 Closed qs Pros

Answer 28

Used for factual info eg did u have a happy childhood yes or no? Pro ez to quantify ,check reliability of results ,able to collate data cus ppl given options for response ,ez to compare cus options

Question 29

Research methods 1n2 Cons of closed qs

Answer 29

Limited cues only can select response provided by researcher

Question 30

Research methods 1n2 Open qs are

Answer 30

Descriptive answer no restriction on response eg "explain how u felt on ur first day at school"

Question 31

Research methods 1n2 Open qs pro

Answer 31

Rich detailed info free interpretation lots of info received allow researchers to pursue line of enquiry which can follow up

Question 32

Research methods 1n2 Cons of open qs

Answer 32

Qualitative not ez to quantify ,hard to collate /check reliability

Question 33

Research methods 1n2 Questions need to be ....

Answer 33

Short ,have overall aim,easily understood,use pilot study,use questionares that already exist

Question 34

Research methods 1n2 questionares pro

Answer 34

Less time consuming n £ than interview, interviews need to be done separately One at a time If one researcher Questionares r handed out Validity of findings-ppl aren't disclosing face to face ,more likely to be true Less pressure or judgement felt ,easy to replicate Low researcher bias ,investigator effects -can't unintentionally give cues if not present

Question 35

Research methods 1n2 Self report data

Answer 35

Ppl may not accurately recall or wish to be seen in favourable light 'social desirability'

Question 36

Research methods 1n2 structured interviews

Answer 36

Pre determined set of qs that are asked in fixed order ,face to face

Question 37

Research methods 1n2 Unstructured interviews

Answer 37

No set Qs general aim that certain topic will be discussed,free flowing instruction Participants encouraged to expand on answers, convo

Question 38

Research methods 1n2 Pros to interviews

Answer 38

Ambiguity is dealt with if don't understand question Presence of researcher may encourage them to expand ,participants can be observed

Question 39

Research methods 1n2 Cons of interviews

Answer 39

Don't use standardised instructions if open qs , too difficult to replicate low reliability Can't follow up in unstructured interviews Takes longer,more money

Question 40

Difference between quantitative n qualitative data

Answer 40

Quantitative data involves numbers eg number of boys and girls whereas qualitative data involves words eg interview quotes Quantitative data can be measured objectively eg counting number of responses whereas qualitative data is based on subjective interpretation of language